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Osteoporosis International

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01.02.2015 | Original Article

Peak-bone-mass development in young adults: effects of study program related levels of occupational and leisure time physical activity and exercise. A prospective 5-year study

verfasst von: W. Kemmler, M. Bebenek, S. von Stengel, J. Bauer

Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International | Ausgabe 2/2015

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Abstract

Summary

Young adulthood is characterized by profound life-style changes. This study suggests that reduction of sport or exercise, induced by alteration of the occupational situation, negatively impacts generation/maintenance of peak bone mass. In order to compensate occupational-related reductions of physical activity, workplace exercise programs will be helpful.

Introduction

Only few studies have determined the effect of physical activity or physical exercise on bone mineral density (BMD) in the period of late skeletal maturation, i.e. around peak bone mass. The aim of this article was to determine the long-term effect of different levels of physical activity and exercise directly and indirectly derived by occupation during young adulthood.

Methods

Sixty-one male and female dental students (DES) and 53 male and female sport students (SPS) 21 ± 2 years old were accompanied over the course (4.8 ± 0.5 years) of their study program. BMD at the lumbar spine (LS), hip, and whole body (WB) were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results

Parameters of physical activity increased non-significantly in both groups with no relevant differences between the groups. Indices of exercise, however, increased significantly in the SPS group while a significant decrease was assessed for the DES group. Independent of gender, BMD of the SPS increased significantly (p ≤ 0.007) at all skeletal sites (LS, 2.4 ± 3.9 %; hip, 1.6 ± 3.5 %; WB, 1.8 ± 2.8 %) while BMD of the DES remained unchanged at LS (−0.6 ± 4.4 %, p = 0.432) and WB (0.5 ± 1.9 %, p = 0.092) but decreased significantly at the hip (−1.9 ± 4.3 %, p = 0.010). BMD-changes at LS, hip, and WB differ significantly between SPS and DES (p ≤ 0.017). Results remained unchanged after adjusting for baseline BMD-values that differed (p = 0.030 to p = 0.082) in favor of the SPS group.

Conclusion

Changes of exercise levels directly or indirectly caused by occupational factors during young adulthood significantly affected generation and/or maintenance of peak bone mass. Compensatory exercise is thus highly relevant for bone health of young adults.

However, on average, ≈7–8 h/week of university sports courses at least during the running semester must be added

This observation along with the high vitamin D levels of both groups is in contrast to the epidemiologic data of Kramer et al. [48] that reported a prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/l) of ≈20 % (during summer) in males and females 20–29 years old from northern Germany.

…even the type of exercise exhibits a high osteoanabolic potential. This however did not conflict with the observation [19, 49] that exercise volume, or more precisely, exercise frequency, is an important strain parameter for bone adaptation.

Of importance, is that none of the corresponding exercise trials demonstrated significant exercise effects on BMD at LS, hip, or WB in young adults. However, due to the low statistical power and short duration of some studies, this may be a methodological problem.

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Titel: Peak-bone-mass development in young adults: effects of study program related levels of occupational and leisure time physical activity and exercise. A prospective 5-year study
verfasst von: W. Kemmler
M. Bebenek
S. von Stengel
J. Bauer
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2015
Verlag: Springer London
Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International / Ausgabe 2/2015
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2918-8

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Peak-bone-mass development in young adults: effects of study program related levels of occupational and leisure time physical activity and exercise. A prospective 5-year study

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Conclusion

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