The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Concept and design (BF, ET, JAH, TMLE, PSB). Data collection (BF, JAH, TMLE, PSB, ET). Data analyses and interpretation (BF, BE, RMN, JAH, LIS, ET). Drafting the manuscript (BF, ET, BS, LIS, JAH, RMN). All the authors have revised and approved the final manuscript.
Background
Activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are limited by exertional dyspnea and reduced exercise capacity [
1,
2]. Exertional dyspnea appears to be related to the increased work of breathing associated with a restriction of tidal volume (V
T) expansion [
3]. A reduction in exercise capacity measured as peak oxygen uptake (V̇O
2peak) has been found to be related to ventilatory limitations [
4,
5], pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities [
6], peripheral muscle dysfunction [
7,
8] or any combination of these factors. COPD is a progressive disease with an increased rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV
1) [
9,
10]. However, the relationship between FEV
1 and V̇O
2peak is considered weak, and lung function by itself is a poor predictor of exercise capacity [
11].
Studies of longitudinal changes in V̇O
2peak, peak minute ventilation (V̇
Epeak) and breathing pattern in COPD are scarce. As far as we know, the longitudinal change in V̇O
2peak has only been examined in one previous study [
12]. A reduction in V̇O
2peak over five years was found to be related to a reduction in maximal tidal volume (V
Tmax) and V̇
Epeak, and the decrease in V̇O
2peak was associated with the decrease in FEV
1. However, only male Japanese patients were included in that study and the breathing pattern was not examined. We are not aware of any studies that have examined the longitudinal changes in V̇O
2peak and breathing pattern in COPD patients of Caucasian origin including both genders.
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The breathing pattern in terms of the relationship between minute ventilation (V̇
E) and V
T during incremental exercise has been described by Gallagher [
13]. In the first phase, there is an almost linear relationship between V̇
E and V
T. In the second phase, the increase in V̇
E is mainly caused by an increase in breathing frequency (B
f), and a smaller increase in V
T. In the third phase, the increase in V̇
E is caused by an increase in B
f only, and by the end of this phase, there can be a fall in V
T. Different methods have been suggested to describe this relationship like the plateau of V
T and its inflection point [
14], V
Tmax and V
T at a V̇
E of 30 L/min [
15], V
T at given fractions of V̇
Epeak [
16] and the Hey plot [
17]. We have found that the V̇
E-V
T relationship can be satisfactorily described by a quadratic model in COPD patients exercising on treadmill [
18]. A quadratic model includes all available data from the exercise test. However, longitudinal changes in the breathing pattern as described by this method have not been examined.
The aims of the present study were to examine changes in exercise and ventilatory capacity and breathing pattern over four years in COPD patients, and to examine the relationship with variables that potentially contribute to explain the changes. We hypothesized that V̇O
2peak and V̇
Epeak would deteriorate during the observation period, that breathing pattern would be shallower with a lower V
Tmax, and that the changes were related to lung hyperinflation and airway obstruction.
Methods
Subjects
The current study included 63 patients from the Bergen COPD Cohort Study (BCCS) who performed two cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) with an average follow-up time of 4.5 years (range 3-6 years). The BCCS was a three year follow-up study (2006–2010) and inclusion and exclusion criteria have been previously published [
19]. Summarised, all patients had a smoking history of ≥ 10 pack-years, a post- bronchodilation FEV
1 to forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio < 0.7 and a post-bronchodilator FEV
1 < 80 % of predicted value according to Norwegian reference values [
20]. All subjects in BCCS were informed of the opportunity to participate in pulmonary rehabilitation but were not otherwise actively selected or recruited for rehabilitation. There were no restrictions to treatment in the study period.
A total of 89 patients were enrolled to a 7- week pulmonary rehabilitation program, including a total of 17 sessions, during the first two years of follow-up in 2006–2008. The first CPET was performed at start of the program. The patients were invited to a second CPET in 2011/2012. At that time 26 of the 89 patients were deceased or disabled. The 63 included patients had clinically stable COPD in stages II-IV according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) (GOLD 2007) [
21] and age between 44–75 years. Exclusion criteria for exercise testing were major cardiovascular disorders, a partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood less than 8 kPa at rest, or exacerbations that required medical treatment during the last four weeks prior to testing.
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Ethics
The Western Norway Regional Research Ethics Committee approved the study. Participation in the study was voluntary. Written and oral information was given and written consent was obtained prior to inclusion.
Spirometry
Spirometry was conducted on a Viasys Masterscope (Viasys, Hoechberg, Germany) before the CPETs according to the ATS/ERS Standardization of Lung Function Testing [
22]. FEV
1 and FVC were taken as the highest values from at least three satisfactory expiratory manoeuvers. The spirometer was calibrated before each test with a 3-L calibration syringe. The changes in FEV
1 (ΔFEV
1) and FVC (ΔFVC) were calculated as FEV
1 or FVC at CPET2 minus FEV
1 or FVC at CPET1.
Cardiopulmonary exercise test
The patients completed two incremental CPETs to their symptom-limited maximum on a treadmill (Woodway, model: PPS 55 med Weiss, Weil am Rhein, Germany). The exercise protocol was a modified Bruce protocol [
23,
24]. The test started with rest in the standing position for 2 min. The warm-up phase lasted for 1 min with a walking speed of 1.5 km h
−1. The protocol has 20 stages, all lasting for one minute. The first stage was at 1.5 km/h with an inclination of 0 %. In stage 2, the speed was the same as in stage 1 with an inclination of 5 %. From stage 3–5, the speed increased with 0.6 km/h and the inclination was 9, 10 and 11 %, respectively. From stage 6–13, the speed increased with 0.6–0.7 km/h and the inclination with 1 %. From stage 13–14, the speed increased with 0.4 km/h, and the inclination increased with 1 %. Finally, from stage 15–20, the speed was increasing with 1 km/h each minute and the inclination was the same as in stage 14. The warm-up was not counted into the exercise time.
Blood pressure, electrocardiography (GE healthcare, Cardio Soft EKG, Freiburg, Germany) and pulse oximetry were monitored at rest, continuously during the test and for 3 min into the recovery phase. A tight-fitting oronasal mask was adjusted to each patient and checked for leaks before starting the exercise. The integrated exercise testing system (Care Fusion, V
max Spectra 229, Hochberg, Germany) was calibrated every morning and immediately before each test. The V
T, B
f, oxygen uptake (V̇O
2), carbon dioxide output (V̇CO
2), and heart rate (HR) were measured on a breath by breath basis and averaged over 20 s intervals. V̇
E and V
T were corrected to the body temperature pressure saturated (BTPS) condition, and V̇O
2 and V̇CO
2 to the standard temperature pressure dry (STPD) condition.
The patients graded their level of dyspnea and leg discomfort by Borg CR10 Scale [
25]. In order to measure dynamic hyperinflation during exercise, serial measurements of inspiratory capacity (IC) were performed [
5]. Measurements were taken at rest, every second minute during exercise and at peak exercise. The change in IC (ΔIC) during each of the CPETs was calculated as IC at rest minus IC at peak exercise. The change in dynamic hyperinflation between the CPETs (ΔIC
dynamic) was calculated as ΔIC at CPET2 minus ΔIC at CPET1. The difference in IC at rest (∆IC
rest) was calculated as IC at rest at CPET2 minus IC at rest at CPET1. The differences in V̇O
2peak (ΔV̇O
2peak) and V̇
Epeak (ΔV̇
Epeak) were calculated in the same way. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) was calculated for each of the two CPETs as the difference between IC at the end of the test minus the maximal V
T. The difference in IRV (ΔIRV) was calculated as IRV at CPET2 minus IRV at CPET1. The estimated MVV was calculated as FEV
1 × 35 [
26].
Self-reported physical activity was recorded at baseline and after one and three years in the BCCS [
27]. Two questions were related to spare time physical activity, one for strenuous and one for light physical activity. The delineation between strenuous and light was whether the activity resulted in breathlessness and sweating or not. The response categories were none, less than 1 h per week, 1-2 h per week and three or more hours per week. These questions are previously validated [
28,
29]. Data on exacerbations and smoking habits were recorded at the time for the CPETs.
Statistical analyses
Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population (mean, standard deviation (SD), median and percent). Independent samples t-tests for continuous variables and Pearson chi square- tests for categorical variables were used to compare patients’ characteristics and CPET responses to patients who only performed one CPET with those that completed both. Paired samples t-tests were used to analyze the longitudinal change in pulmonary function, exercise capacity and breathing pattern in the patients who completed both CPETs. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to calculate the linear relationship between the yearly change in V̇O
2peak and FEV
1. The relationships between ΔV̇O
2peak or ΔV̇
Epeak and potential explanatory variables were analysed by bivariate (unadjusted) and multivariate (adjusted) linear regression analyses. Investigated variables were age, sex, height, baseline V̇O
2peak or baseline V̇
Epeak, smoking during follow-up, ΔFEV
1, ΔFVC, Δweight, ∆IC
rest, ΔIC
dynamic, self-reported physical activity, exacerbations and time between the tests. ΔFVC was not included in the multivariate regression analysis, because it is an intermediary variable with ΔFEV
1 and the outcome variable.
A quadratic model (V
T = a + b∙V̇
E + c∙V̇
E2) was used to describe the relationship between V̇
E and V
T during incremental exercise
. The goodness-of-fit for the individual patient specific regression analysis was evaluated by the adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R
2) and the F statistic. For the latter a
p-value < 0.05 was required for inclusion of the patient in further analysis. These analyses were done for each individual patient in CPET1 and CPET2.
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The mean values for the curve parameters the constant (intercept) (a), the linear coefficient (slope) (b) and the quadratic coefficient (curvature) (c) were calculated. V
Tmax was calculated from the individual quadratic relationships, and was the point where the first derivative of the quadratic equation was zero. The mean change (CPET2 minus CPET1) in the curve parameters and the change in V
Tmax (ΔV
Tmax) were analysed by bivariate and multivariate linear regression analysis with age, sex, height, Δweight, ΔFEV
1, ΔIRV, ΔIC
rest, and ∆IC
dynamic as explanatory variables.
Estimated regression coefficients are presented with 95 % confidence intervals and
p-values. The significance level was set at 0.05. The data analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Results
The baseline characteristics of the study population and the peak responses to the incremental exercise test at baseline are shown in Table
1. The patients’ mean age (SD) was 61 (6) years, 56 % were males and mean FEV
1 in percent of predicted values was 51 (14) %. The 26 patients who only performed the first CPET were older, had lower lung function and lower peak responses at the CPET (Table
1).
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study sample (
n = 63) compared with patients only assessed at baseline (
n = 26)
Variables
Completed one CPET
n = 26
Completed two CPETs
n = 63
Group diff.
p-value
Sex, male/female n (%)
18/8 (69/31)
35/28 (56/44)
0.232
Age (years)
64.4 ± 5.8
61.2 ± 6.2
0.028
Smoking status n (%)
0.471
Current
9 (35)
27 (43)
Former
17 (65)
36 (57)
Pack years
38 ± 19
43 ± 26
0.380
Height (m)
1.72 ± 0.1
1.71 ± 0.1
0.540
Weight (kg)
72.8 ± 20.7
76.4 ± 17.5
0.406
BMI (mean, kg · m
−2)
24.4 ± 5.4
26.3 ± 4.9
0.108
FEV
1 (% pred.)
38.2 ± 11.4
51.4 ± 13.5
<0.001
FVC (% pred.)
83.5 ± 20.6
90.1 ± 17.2
0.120
FEV
1/FVC (%)
36.4 ± 7.6
46.4 ± 10.8
<0.001
IC
rest (L)
1.91 ± 0.50
2.36 ± 0.75
0.006
ΔIC(L)
0.30 ± 0.28
0.41 ± 0.40
0.232
GOLD category
0.001
II n (%)
5 (19)
34 (54)
III n (%)
14 (54)
26 (41)
IV n (%)
7 (27)
3 (5)
mMRC dyspnea grade
1.6 ± 0.9
1.3 ± 1.2
0.316
Experienced
1 ≥ 2 exacerbations last year
0.402
No n (%)
18 (69)
49 (78)
Yes n (%)
8 (31)
14 (22)
Exercise time (min)
4.78 ± 1.66
6.44 ± 1.88
<0.001
V̇O
2peak (L ∙ min
−1)
1.09 ± 0.31
1.57 ± 0.57
<0.001
V̇CO
2peak (L ∙ min
−1)
1.08 ± 0.38
1.65 ± 0.69
<0.001
V̇
Epeak (L ∙ min
−1)
40.2 ± 13.3
53.8 ± 19.2
<0.001
HR
peak (bpm)
125 ± 21
138 ± 20
0.009
RER
0.98 ± 0.12
1.03 ± 0.12
0.047
Dyspnea (Borg Scale)
8.6 ± 1.7
9.0 ± 1.6
0.481
Leg discomfort (Borg Scale)
5.5 ± 3.4
5.6 ± 2.8
0.905
SpO
2 start (%)
96.8 ± 3.4
97.1 ± 2.2
0.546
SpO
2 end (%)
89.9 ± 6.3
92.8 ± 5.0
0.024
Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated. Chi square for categorical variables and independent
t-test for continuous variables. CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; BMI: body mass index; FEV
1: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity; IC
rest: resting inspiratory capacity; ΔIC: inspiratory capacity at rest minus IC at the end of the test; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council. V̇O
2peak: peak oxygen uptake per minute; V̇CO
2peak: peak carbon dioxide production per minute V̇
Epeak: peak minute ventilation per minute; HR
peak: peak heart rate; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; SpO
2: oxygen saturation
1Exacerbations requiring either hospitalization with oral antibiotics or oral steroids
Forty patients (63 %) remained in the same GOLD stage during the follow-up, while eight (13 %) patients had improved GOLD stage, six from stage III to II and two from stage IV to III, respectively. Fifteen patients (24 %) had changed to a worse GOLD stage, eight from stage II to III and seven from stage III to IV.
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Longitudinal changes in exercise and ventilatory capacity
FEV
1, FVC, V̇O
2peak and V̇
Epeak decreased significantly during the follow-up period (Table
2), while the exercise time on treadmill remained constant. The Borg dyspnea score was not significantly different. The mean (SD) decline in FEV
1 was 34 (66) mL∙yr
−1, (
p < 0.001) and in V̇O
2peak, 50 (68) mL · min
−1 · yr
−1 (
p < 0.001). The decline in V̇O
2peak and FEV
1 during the observation period correlated moderately (
r = 0.43,
p < 0.001) (Fig.
1).
Table 2
Pulmonary function and peak responses to cardiopulmonary exercise tests at baseline and 4.5 years apart
Variables
CPET 1
n = 63
CPET 2
n = 63
Change CPET2 minus CPET1
p-value
Sex, male/female (n)
35/28
Weight (kg)
76.4 ± 17.5
76.0 ± 17.4
−0.4 ± 5.2
0.599
FEV
1(L)
1.60 ± 0.53
1.46 ± 0.57
−0.15 ± 0.28
<0.001
FEV
1 (% pred)
51.4 ± 13.5
48.0 ± 14.8
−3.4 ± 9.5
0.006
FVC (L)
3.47 ± 0.89
3.14 ± 0.86
−0.34 ± 0.50
<0.001
FVC (% pred)
90.1 ± 17.2
82.8 ± 15.3
−7.4 ± 14.7
<0.001
FEV
1/FVC (%)
46.4 ± 10.8
46.0 ± 11.2
−0.4 ± 0.05
0.549
Exercise time (min)
6.44 ± 1.88
6.44 ± 2.18
−0.01 ± 1.61
0.980
V̇O
2peak (L ∙ min
−1)
1.57 ± 0.57
1.36 ± 0.54
−0.22 ± 0.29
<0.001
V̇CO
2peak (L ∙ min
−1)
1.65 ± 0.69
1.34 ± 0.67
−0.31 ± 0.37
<0.001
V̇
Epeak/MVV
0.98 ± 0.22
0.94 ± 0.19
−0.03 ± 0.20
0.196
V̇
Epeak (L ∙ min
−1)
53.8 ± 19.2
47.3 ± 19.6
−6.5 ± 11.6
<0.001
V
Tmax (L)
2
1.71 ± 0.51
1.48 ± 0.43
−0.23 ± 0.41
<0.001
HR
peak (bpm)
138 ± 20
133 ± 19
−5 ± 14
0.004
RER
1.03 ± 0.12
0.96 ± 0.14
−0.08 ± 0.11
<0.001
Dyspnea (Borg Scale)
9.0 ± 1.6
8.7 ± 1.6
−0.3 ± 1.8
0.327
Leg discomfort (Borg Scale)
5.6 ± 2.8
5.9 ± 3.0
0.3 ± 2.8
0.651
IC
rest
2.36 ± 0.75
2.21 ± 0.78
−0.13 ± 0.48
0.039
ΔIC(L)
0.41 ± 0.40
0.46 ± 0.33
0.05 ± 0.38
0.208
IRV (L)
0.44 ± 0.37
0.38 ± 0.26
−0.05 ± 0.34
0.233
MVV (L ∙ min
−1)
56.0 ± 18.6
51.0 ± 20.1
−5.1 ± 9.8
<0.001
SpO
2 start (%)
97.1 ± 2.2
95.9 ± 2.5
−1.2 ± 3.2
0.004
SpO
2 end (%)
92.8 ± 5.1
89.6 ± 5.1
−3.2 ± 4.4
<0.001
Curve parameters
Intercept (a)
1
-0.05 (0.47)
−0.18 (0.44)
-0.13 (0.46)
0.032
Slope (b)
1
0.063 (0.032)
0.076 (0.035)
0.014 (0.037)
0.007
Curvature (c)
1
−0.00071 (0.00059)
−0.00105 (0.00079)
−0.00036 (0.00077)
0.002
Data are presented as mean ± SD, unless otherwise stated. Independent
t-test for continuous variables
CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; FEV
1: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity; V̇O
2peak: peak oxygen uptake per minute; V̇CO
2peak: peak carbon dioxide production per minute; V̇
Epeak: peak minute ventilation per minute; MVV: maximal voluntary ventilation (FEV
1x35) V
Tmax: maximal tidal volume; HR
peak: peak heart rate; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; IC
rest: resting inspiratory capacity; ΔIC: IC at rest minus IC at the end of the test; IRV: inspiratory reserve volume; SpO
2: oxygen saturation
1The relationship between ventilation (V̇
E) and tidal volume (V
T) was described by a quadratic model (V
T = a + b·V̇
E + c·V̇
E2).
2V
Tmax was calculated from the individual quadratic relationships, and was the point where the first derivative of the quadratic equation was zero
Fig. 1
The relationship between change in V̇O
2peak and change in FEV
1 between the two cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET). V̇O
2peak: Peak oxygen uptake. ΔV̇O
2peak: V̇O
2peak at CPET2 minus V̇O
2peak at CPET1. FEV
1: Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. Δ FEV
1: FEV
1 at CPET2 minus FEV
1 at CPET1. R
2: The coefficient of determination
×
The reduction in V̇O
2peak was larger in subjects with a higher baseline V̇O
2peak (p < 0.001) and with a larger reduction in ΔIC
rest (
p = 0.002) (Table
3). Furthermore age (
p = 0.023), ΔFEV
1 (
p = 0.031) and smoking during follow-up (
p = 0.021) were found to be related to the change in V̇O
2peak. ΔV̇
Epeak was related to ΔIC
rest (
p = 0.005), ΔFEV
1 (
p = 0.023) and baseline V̇
Epeak (
p = 0.002) (Table
3). Gender was not associated with the reduction in V̇O
2peak or V̇
Epeak.
Table 3
The relationships between changes in peak oxygen uptake and peak minute ventilation and explanatory variables
Variable
Unadjusted
Adjusted
p-value
B
p-value
B
St.B*
95 % CI
ΔV̇O
2peak (L ∙ min
−1)
Age (years)
−0.006
0.273
−0.011
−0.238
−0.020–−0.002
0.023
Sex
−0.146
0.042
0.022
0.039
−0.110–0.155
0.737
Height (m)
−0.652
0.145
V̇O
2peak at baseline (L ∙ min
−1)
−0.178
0.004
−0.260
−0.515
−0.379–−0.141
<0.001
Smoking during follow-up
−0.108
0.144
−0.139
−0.240
−0.257–−0.021
0.021
ΔFEV
1 (L)
0.440
<0.001
0.254
0.251
0.024–0.484
0.031
ΔFVC (L)
0.271
<0.001
Δ Weight (kg)
−0.004
0.604
ΔIC
rest (L)
0.317
<0.001
0.294
0.492
0.110–0.478
0.002
ΔIC
dynamic (L)
0.202
0.037
−0.105
−0.140
−0.315–0.105
0.320
Strenuous physical activity
0.020
0.593
Light physical activity
0.079
0.131
Exacerbations
−0.100
0.166
Time between CPET1 and CPET2
0.005
0.907
R
2 = 0.567
ΔV̇
Epeak (L ∙ min
−1)
Age (years)
−0.075
0.756
−0.131
−0.070
−0.545–0.283
0.528
Sex
−2.484
0.404
3.180
0.163
−2.111–9.732
0.203
Height (m)
−3.447
0.848
V̇
Epeak at baseline (L ∙ min
−1)
−0.163
0.032
−0.259
−0.422
−0.415–−0.103
0.002
Smoking during follow-up
−3.506
0.249
ΔFEV
1 (L)
19.220
<0.001
11.845
0.285
1.699–21.990
0.023
ΔFVC (L)
11.626
<0.001
Δ Weight (kg)
−0.324
0.254
ΔIC
rest (L)
13.030
<0.001
12.135
0.497
3.759–20.510
0.005
ΔIC
dynamic (L)
11.109
0.004
−4.219
−0.137
−13.748–5.310
0.379
Strenuous physical activity
0.984
0.512
Light physical activity
2.241
0.297
Exacerbations
−4.775
0.104
Time between CPET1 and CPET2
−0.299
0.870
R
2 = 0.447
95 % confidence interval (CI) examined by linear regression in bivariate and multivariate analyses
CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise test; V̇O
2peak: peak oxygen uptake per minute; ΔV̇O
2peak: V̇O
2peak at CPET2 minus V̇O
2peak at CPET1; FEV
1: forced expiratory volume in one second; ΔFEV
1: FEV
1 at CPET2 minus FEV
1 at CPET1; FVC: forced vital capacity; ΔFVC and Δweight were calculated like ΔFEV
1. IC: inspiratory capacity. ΔIC
rest was calculated as IC at rest at CPET2 minus IC at rest at CPET1. ΔIC was calculated as IC at rest minus IC at the end of the test for both CPET1 and CPET2. ΔIC
dynamic was calculated as ΔIC at CPET2 minus ΔIC at CPET1; V̇
E: minute ventilation per minute; ΔV̇E
peak: peak V̇
E at CPET2 minus peak V̇
E at CPET1; R
2: The coefficient of determination
*St.B: Standardised beta
Self-reported physical activity during follow-up as reported in Bergen COPD Cohort Study and exacerbations were not related to the longitudinal changes in V̇O
2peak or V̇
Epeak (Table
3).
Longitudinal changes in breathing pattern
The quadratic model described the relationship between V̇
E and V
T in 61 of 63 patients at CPET1 and at 59 of 63 patients in CPET2. In these subjects the p-value of the F-statistics for the quadratic model was <0.05 and the R
2 ranged from 0.35 to 0.99 (median 0.90) at CPET1, and from 0.40 to 0.98 (median 0.90) at CPET2. A random set of three individual responses from CPET1 and CPET2 are shown in Fig.
2. For the six excluded patients the goodness of fit was not statistically significant and the exercise time was short with few observations. The means of the estimated constant (a), the linear coefficient (b) and the quadratic coefficient (c) changed significantly from CPET1 to CPET2 (Table
2). The linear coefficient (b) increased (
p = 0.007) and the quadratic coefficient (c) decreased (
p = 0.002). The changes in the curve parameters were all related to ΔFEV
1, but not to the other possibly explanatory variables (Table
4). Maximal V
T was achieved at a lower V̇
E.
Fig. 2
A random set of three individual responses from the two CPETs performed 4.5 years apart. CPET: Cardiopulmonary exercise test
Table 4
The relationships between the change in the curve parameters
1 and explanatory variables (CPET2 minus CPET1)
Unadjusted
Adjusted
Variable
B
p-value
B
St.B*
95 % CI
p-value
Intercept
1 (Curve parameter
a)
Age
0.002
0.803
−0.0003
−0.004
−0.015–0.014
0.966
Sex
−0.089
0.468
−0.126
−0.138
−0.312–0.060
0.180
Height
0.145
0.844
a
baseline
−0.545
<0.001
−0.573
−0.588
−0.769–−0.376
<0.001
Δweight
−0.002
0.881
ΔFEV
1
0.601
0.005
0.762
0.461
0.376–1.149
<0.001
ΔFVC
0.427
0.001
ΔIC
rest (L)
0.116
0.374
−0.052
−0.053
−0.365–0.262
0.743
ΔIC
dynamic (L)
−0.025
0.882
−0.203
−0.166
−0.561–0.156
0.262
ΔIRV
−0.147
0.416
R
2 = 0.507
Slope
1 (Curve parameter
b)
Age
−0.0003
0.725
0.00003
0.006
−0.001–0.001
0.959
Sex
0.002
0.860
0.012
0.159
−0.005–0.029
0.177
Height
−0.059
0.311
b
baseline
−0.568
<0.001
−0.588
−0.510
−0.854–−0.322
<0.001
Δweight
0.002
0.862
ΔFEV
1
−0.046
0.009
−0.050
−0.373
−0.085–−0.015
0.006
ΔFVC
−0.032
0.003
ΔIC
rest (L)
−0.008
0.429
−0.001
−0.008
−0.029–0.028
0.963
ΔIC
dynamic (L)
0.005
0.734
0.018
0.183
−0.014–0.050
0.265
ΔIRV
−0.023
0.119
R
2 = 0.393
Curvature
1 (Curve parameter
c)
Age
−4.8x10
−6
0.774
−7.2x10
−6
−0.061
−0.00004–0.00002
0.643
Sex
−7.3x10
−5
0.746
−2.5x10
−5
−0.016
−0.0004–0.0004
0.901
Height
0.001
0.586
c
baseline
−0.406
0.033
−0.345
−0.254
−0.695–0.006
0.054
Δweight
7.5x10
−6
0.762
B
ΔFEV
1
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.372
0.0002–0.002
0.013
ΔFVC
0.001
<0.001
ΔIC
rest (L)
0.0005
0.025
0.0004
0.268
−0.00002–0.001
0.192
ΔIC
dynamic (L)
0.0001
0.651
−0.001
−0.249
−0.001–0.0002
0.179
ΔIRV
−0.0003
0.280
R
2 = 0.315
95 % confidence interval (CI) examined by linear regression in bivariate and multivariate analyses
CPET: cardio pulmonary exercise test; Δweight: weight at CPET2 minus weight at CPET1; FEV
1: forced expired volume in one second, ΔFEV
1: FEV
1 at CPET2 minus FEV
1 at CPET1; FVC: forced vital capacity; ΔFVC: FVC at CPET2 minus FVC at CPET1; IC: inspiratory capacity; ΔIC
rest was calculated as IC at rest at CPET2 minus IC at rest at CPET 1; ΔIC was calculated as IC at start of the test minus IC at the end of the test; ΔIC
dynamic was calculated as ΔIC at CPET2 minus ΔIC at CPET1; IRV: inspiratory reserve volume; ΔIRV was calculated as IRV at CPET2 minus IRV at CPET1; a
baseline: curve parameter a at baseline; b
baseline: curve parameter b at baseline; c
baseline: curve parameter c at baseline; R
2: The coefficient of determination
1 The relationship between ventilation (V̇
E) and tidal volume (V
T) was described by a quadratic model (V
T = a + b·V̇
E + c·V̇
E2), and the a, b, and c were calculated as the difference between CPET2 minus CPET1
*St.B: Standardised beta
×
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The V
Tmax decreased significantly from CPET1 to CPET2 (
p < 0.001) (Table
2). In the multivariate linear regression analysis, ΔV
Tmax was significantly related to the reduction in FEV
1 (B = 0.429, CI: 0.106–0.751,
p < 0.010), the reduction in IC
rest (B = 0.325, CI: 0.053–0.596,
p < 0.020) and the baseline V
Tmax (B = –0.471, CI: –0.662––0.281,
p < 0.01).
Discussion
The major findings of this study of a group of COPD patients who were followed over a mean time of 4.5 years were a reduction in V̇O
2peak and V̇
Epeak which were related to a decrease in resting IC and FEV
1, and persistent smoking during the observation period. The breathing pattern changed towards a lower V
Tmax and a lower V
T at a given V̇
E. The reduction in FEV
1 was related to the changes in the curve parameters describing the breathing pattern.
The mean reduction in V̇O
2peak was 50 (SD = 68) mL∙min
−1∙yr
−1, which was slightly higher than the decline in V̇O
2peak of 32 mL∙min
−1∙yr
−1 in male COPD patients reported by Oga et al. [
12]. In our study, both genders were included, but the reduction in V̇O
2peak or V̇
Epeak was not associated with gender. The reduction in resting IC and FEV
1, baseline V̇O
2peak, smoking during follow-up and age were all found to be related to the change in V̇O
2peak. As shown in Fig.
1 the association between the changes in FEV
1 and V̇O
2peak was rather weak with large interindividual variation. The strongest associations were found for resting IC and baseline V̇O
2peak. Total lung capacity (TLC) was not measured, and we are not aware of any studies having described the longitudinal change in TLC in COPD patients. Based on data from cross-sectional studies of COPD patients, TLC is expected to remain unaltered or slightly increased [
30–
32]. Thus, there is a possibility that the increase in static hyperinflation as estimated by resting IC is underestimated. There were no significant differences in dynamic hyperinflation between CPET1 and CPET2. Without knowledge about TLC changes in dynamic hyperinflation may have been obscured. Theoretically, dynamic hyperinflation is likely important since it is associated with increased work of breathing and dyspnea [
1,
33].
The exercise time was the same at the two CPETs, which can indicate better working economy, even though V̇O
2peak and lung function decreased significantly. The respiratory exchange ratio and V̇CO
2peak were lower at the second CPET, whereas maximal Borg dyspnea score was not significantly different at the two CPETs. These observations are consistent with previous studies showing that laboratory-based constant work rate tests can be more sensitive demonstrating improvements after interventions than V̇O
2peak [
11,
34].
We described the breathing pattern in the individual patient by a quadratic relationship between V̇
E and V
T. The relationship could be satisfactorily described by the model in the majority of the subjects, and the model accounts for all observations throughout the exercise test. The limitations with other methods [
14–
17] are that all observed data from the exercise test are not included in the analyses. O’Donnell et al. [
14] has described the relationship between V̇
E and V
T during exercise as linear until an inflection point. After this point, further increase in V̇
E is accomplished by an increase in B
f. The inflection point is determined “by eye” by two or three persons independently of each other [
14,
17]. When we examined our exercise data, it was not obvious to see where an inflection point could occur. In a quadratic model, which is analysed mathematically, the curve parameter c in the equation will be related to a “perceived” inflection point as it describes the “sharpness” of the curvature, and the V
Tmax can be calculated by derivation of the equation. By using this method determinations of the curve parameters will not be influenced by intra-and/or inter observer reliability. Another consideration is that during an incremental exercise test, there will be a gradual transition between the phases as described by Gallagher [
13], and determining a cut-off point where the change from one phase to the other takes place, is not exactly defined. The changes in the curve parameters describing the breathing pattern were found to be related to the change in FEV
1.
The time constant for the lung is increased in COPD due to both increased resistance and compliance. Dynamic hyperinflation in response to increasing ventilatory demands is a necessary compensatory mechanism allowing complete respiratory cycles. Resistance and compliance are both related to FEV
1, but we did not find any relationships between changes in breathing pattern and changes in IC or IRV after adjusting for FEV
1.
Study limitations
The BCCS, which this study sample is a part of, made no restrictions to treatment in the study period, and the participants were free to receive medication or other treatment prescribed by their physician. Since the included patients participated in a pulmonary rehabilitation program after the first CPET, this was a selected group and the results cannot be generalized to the common COPD population. One of the major effect of pulmonary rehabilitation is to increase exercise tolerance and reduce shortness of breath, but since there was no maintenance program, the effect of the rehabilitation probably would be negligible after four years. The reduction in FEV
1 in our patients was 34 (SD = 66) mL · year
−1, which was not different from the mean rate of decline in FEV
1 of 33 mL · year
−1 in the ECLIPSE study [
10]. Without participation in pulmonary rehabilitation, the decline in V̇O
2peak and V̇
Epeak could have been larger, resulting in an even stronger association with the predictors.
Self-reported physical activity was not measured synchronized with the second CPET, but was part of the data collection at baseline, and at one and three year follow-up in BCCS. We have previously shown that patients who participated in pulmonary rehabilitation were more physically active than those who had not [
27]. We assume that the physical activity level would not be substantially different from this recording.
The dropout rate from baseline to follow-up after a mean time of 4.5 years was 29 %. The patients were lost to follow-up mainly because of death or disease severity. In the study of Oga et al. [
12] the dropout rate was 51 %. In longitudinal observational studies with the 6 min walking distance as the main outcome and a follow-up period of 3–5 years, the dropout rate varied between 31–34 % [
35–
37]. With a progressive disease, an increasing dropout rate over time is unavoidable and as compared with previous studies our dropout rate is not considered high.
Conclusions
There was a significant reduction in V̇O
2peak and V̇
Epeak over 4.5 years in this group of COPD patients. The changes were related to an increase in lung hyperinflation and a reduction in FEV
1 along with persistent smoking during the study period. The breathing pattern changed towards a lower V
Tmax and a lower V
T at a given V̇
E and the reduction in FEV
1 predicted these changes. The findings indicate that optimal treatment of airway obstruction and lung hyperinflation, and smoking cessation are all important in optimizing functional capacity in COPD along with physical training programs.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Eli Nordeide, Lene Svendsen and Michael Storebø for participation in data collection and for help in organizing the study. We also wish to acknowledge the patients who participated in the study.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Concept and design (BF, ET, JAH, TMLE, PSB). Data collection (BF, JAH, TMLE, PSB, ET). Data analyses and interpretation (BF, BE, RMN, JAH, LIS, ET). Drafting the manuscript (BF, ET, BS, LIS, JAH, RMN). All the authors have revised and approved the final manuscript.
