Background
Methods
Study population and data collection
Measures
Outcome: Suicidal thoughts
Exposure variable: Perceived parental support in childhood and adolescence
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Descriptive analyses
Model construction
Non-response and multiple imputation
Attributable fraction
Results
Sample description based on suicidal thoughts
Characteristic | Participants (n = 10,015) | Nonparticipants (n = 1233) |
p
**
|
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 20.0 (1.8) | 19.7 (1.7) | <.0001 |
Female, No. (%) | 7579 (75.7) | 935 (75.8) | 0.904 |
Parental divorce or separation, No. (%) | 3114 (31.1) | 349 (40.4) | <.0001 |
Parental death, No. (%) | 376 (3.8) | 145 (14.2) | <.0001 |
Did not live in parental home during childhood, No. (%) | 196 (2.0) | 73 (6.1) | <.0001 |
Perceived economic status in childhood, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||
Adequate to very comfortable | 9193 (91.8) | 1024 (83.1) | |
Difficult to very difficult | 822 (8.2) | 209 (17.0) | |
Parental history of depression, No. (%) | 3925 (43.8) | 478 (54.2) | |
Personal history of depression or attempted suicide, No. (%) | 1274 (13.7) | 242 (24.7) | <.0001 |
Suicidal thoughts, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||
No | 7872 (78.6) | 529 (65.0) | |
Occasional | 1775 (17.7) | 208 (25.6) | |
Frequent | 368 (3.7) | 77 (9.5) | |
Perceived parental support, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||
Extremely strong | 3277 (32.7) | 250 (23.9) | |
Strong | 4065 (40.6) | 372 (35.6) | |
Moderate | 1907 (19.0) | 265 (25.3) | |
Low | 610 (6.1) | 120 (11.5) | |
None | 156 (1.6) | 39 (3.7) |
Characteristic | All students (n = 10,015) | No suicidal thoughts (n = 7872) | Occasional suicidal thoughts (n = 1775) | Frequent suicidal thoughts (n = 368) |
p
***
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 20.0 (1.8) | 20.0 (1.8) | 20.0 (1.8) | 19.9 (1.8) | 0.5081 |
Female, No. (%) | 7579 (75.7) | 5926 (75.3) | 1366 (77.0) | 287 (78.0) | 0.1895 |
Parental divorce or separation, No. (%) | 3114 (31.1) | 2342 (29.8) | 633 (35.7) | 139 (37.8) | < 0.0001 |
Parental death, No. (%) | 376 (3.8) | 274 (3.5) | 75 (4.2) | 27 (7.3) | 0.0004 |
Did not live in parental home during childhood, No. (%) | 196 (2.0) | 136 (1.7) | 45 (2.5) | 15 (4.1) | 0.0010 |
Perceived economic status in childhood, No. (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Adequate to very comfortable | 9193 (91.8) | 7297 (92.7) | 1730 (97.5) | 353 (95.9) | |
Difficult to very difficult | 822 (8.2) | 575 (7.3) | 191 (10.8) | 56 (15.2) | |
Scholarship, No. (%) | 3810 (38.0) | 2904 (36.9) | 745 (42.0) | 161 (43.8) | < 0.0001 |
Half time or more job activities, No. (%) | 590 (5.90) | 447 (5.7) | 123 (6.9) | 20 (5.4) | < 0.0001 |
Parental history of depression or anxiety, No. (%) ** | 3925 (43.8) | 2835 (39.8) | 885 (57.7) | 205 (65.3) | < 0.0001 |
Personal history of depression or attempted suicide, No. (%) | 1374 (13.7) | 662 (8.4) | 496 (27.9) | 216 (58.7) | 0.1204 |
Perceived parental support, No. (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Extremely strong | 3277 (32.7) | 2835 (36.0) | 382 (21.5) | 60 (16.3) | |
Strong | 4065 (40.6) | 3275 (41.6) | 693 (39.0) | 97 (26.4) | |
Moderate | 1907 (19.0) | 1336 (17.0) | 450 (25.4) | 121 (32.9) | |
Low | 610 (6.1) | 354 (4.5) | 194 (11.0) | 62 (16.9) | |
None | 156 (1.6) | 72 (0.9) | 56 (3.2) | 28 (7.6) |
Association between PPS in childhood and adolescence and suicidal thoughts over the preceding year
Perceived parental support | Unadjusted (n = 10,015) | Adjusted ** (n = 10,015) | Adjusted *** (n = 8970) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Extremely strong | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Strong | 1.57 (1.37–1.80) | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) | 1.55 (1.35–1.78) | 1.35 (0.96–1.88) | 1.55 (1.34–1.79) | 1.23 (0.86–1.74) |
Moderate | 2.50 (2.15–2.91) | 4.27 (3.12–5.87) | 2.26 (1.93–2.64) | 3.40 (2.44–4.74) | 2.11 (1.78–2.49) | 2.90 (2.05–4.11) |
Low | 4.08 (3.31–5.00) | 8.28 (5.70–12.00) | 3.39 (2.73–4.19) | 5.35 (3.60–7.95) | 3.33 (2.64–4.20) | 4.91 (3.23–7.47) |
None | 5.77 (4.00–8.32) | 18.38 (11.08–30.48) | 4.43 (3.02–6.49) | 9.81 (5.60–17.19) | 4.55 (2.97–6.99) | 8.58 (4.62–15.96) |
Perceived parental support | Personal history of attempted suicide or depression | No personal history of attempted suicide or depression | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted ** (n = 1374) | Adjusted *** (n = 1193) | Adjusted ** (n = 8641) | Adjusted ***(n = 7777) | |||||
Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Extremely strong | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Strong | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) | 1.64 (1.00–2.69) | 1.22 (0.88–1.70) | 1.54 (0.92–2.60) | 1.68 (1.44–1.97) | 1.01 (0.63–1.63) | 1.67 (1.41–1.97) | 0.91 (0.56–1.48) |
Moderate | 1.27 (0.90–1.77) | 2.68 (1.62–4.38) | 1.31 (0.92–1.88) | 2.34 (1.38–3.99) | 2.63 (2.20–3.15) | 3.54 (2.26–5.57) | 2.38 (1.97–2.89) | 3.06 (1.92–4.86) |
Low | 1.75 (1.14–2.67) | 4.00 (2.28–7.15) | 2.00 (1.26–3.17) | 4.26 (2.31–7.85) | 4.19 (3.28–5.36) | 5.88 (3.35–10.34) | 3.97 (3.04–5.18) | 4.93 (2.70–9.01) |
None | 1.62 (0.82–3.22) | 6.46 (3.03–13.77) | 1.85 (0.88–3.90) | 6.01 (2.65–14.00) | 6.33 (4.05–9.88) | 10.29 (4.28–24.76) | 6.45 (3.90–10.66) | 8.06 (2.92–22.23) |
Perceived parental support | Adjusted ** (n = 11,248) | Adjusted model ***(n = 11,248) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal history of depression or attempted suicide | No personal history of depression or attempted suicide | |||||
Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Extremely strong | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Strong | 1.49 (1.30–1.70) | 1.30 (0.96–1.76) | 1.17 (0.72–1.90) | 1.53 (0.52–4.51) | 1.60 (1.38–1.86) | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) |
Moderate | 2.13 (1.83–2.47) | 2.92 (2.15–3.96) | 1.32 (0.78–2.24) | 2.51 (0.86–7.34) | 2.40 (2.02–2.86) | 3.05 (2.00–4.66) |
Low | 3.05 (2.49–3.73) | 5.17 (3.60–7.41) | 1.64 (0.81–3.35) | 4.07 (1.15–14.43) | 3.74 (2.91–4.80) | 5.86 (3.48–9.85) |
None | 4.07 (2.85–5.80) | 8.54 (5.10–14.31) | 1.69 (0.53–5.40) | 5.93 (0.87–9.97) | 5.68 (3.75–8.61) | 8.83 (3.90–20.03) |
Characteristic | Unadjusted (n = 10,015) | Adjusted ** (n = 8970) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | Occasional suicidal thoughts | Frequent suicidal thoughts | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Age | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Female | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.82 (0.62–1.10) |
Parental divorce or separation | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.31 (1.17–1.46) | 1.43 (1.16–1.78) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.81 (0.62–1.05) |
Parental death | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.22 (0.94–1.59) | 2.20 (1.46–3.31) | 1.08 (0.80–1.45) | 1.75 (1.07–2.88) |
Did not live in parental home during childhood | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.48 (1.05–2.08) | 2.42 (1.40–4.17) | 1.07 (0.72–1.58) | 1.21 (0.63–2.32) |
Perceived economic status in childhood | ||||
Correct to very comfortable | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Difficult to very difficult | 1.53 (1.29–1.82) | 2.28 (1.70–3.07) | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) | 1.21 (0.63–2.32) |
Parental history of depression or anxiety | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 2.06 (1.84–2.31) | 2.84 (2.24–3.60) | 1.59 (1.41–1.80) | 1.59 (1.22–2.08) |
Personal history of depression or attempted suicide | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 4.22 (3.71–4.81) | 15.48 (12.40–19.33) | 3.63 (3.13–4.20) | 11.68 (9.06–15.07) |
Perceived parental support | ||||
Extremely strong | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Strong | 1.57 (1.37–1.80) | 1.40 (1.01–1.94) | 1.55 (1.34–1.79) | 1.23 (0.86–1.74) |
Moderate | 2.50 (2.15–2.91) | 4.27 (3.12–5.87) | 2.11 (1.78–2.49) | 2.90 (2.05–4.11) |
Low | 4.08 (3.31–5.00) | 8.28 (5.70–12.00) | 3.33 (2.64–4.20) | 4.91 (3.23–7.47) |
None | 5.77 (4.00–8.32) | 18.38 (11.08–30.48) | 4.55 (2.97–6.99) | 8.58 (4.62–15.96) |