Background
Methods
Sample
Measures
Harm perceptions
Current tobacco product use
Comprehensive smoke-free law coverage
Sociodemographic characteristics
Analyses
Results
Perception of harm from secondhand smoke exposure, overall
Unweighted frequency | Not at all harmful to one’s health | Somewhat harmful | Very harmful | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics |
n
| % (95 % CI) | % (95 % CI) | % (95 % CI) |
Overall | 97,805 | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 31.5 (30.9–32.1) | 64.5 (63.9–65.2) |
Sex | ||||
Male | 38,659 |
5.3 (4.8–5.7)
|
38.4 (37.4–39.4)
| 56.3 (55.3–57.4) |
Female | 59,146 | 2.8 (2.5–3.1) | 24.8 (24.1–25.5) |
72.5 (71.7–73.2)
|
Age (years) | ||||
18–24 | 4780 | 2.6 (2.0–3.3) | 32.4 (30.4–34.5) | 64.9 (62.9–67.0) |
25–44 | 25,915 | 3.0 (2.6–3.5) | 30.9 (29.8–32.0) | 66.0 (64.9–67.2) |
45–64 | 41,968 | 4.9 (4.4–5.3) | 33.6 (32.7–34.5) | 61.5 (60.5–62.4) |
≥65 | 25,142 | 5.8 (5.2–6.4) | 27.2 (26.1–28.3) | 67.0 (65.8–68.2) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 81,517 | 4.2 (3.9–4.4) | 35.7 (35.1–36.3) | 60.1 (59.5–60.8) |
Black, non-Hispanic | 7244 | 3.0 (2.3–3.6) | 21.5 (19.7–23.3) | 75.5 (73.7–77.4) |
Asian, non-Hispanic | 1645 |
a
| 21.0 (15.6–26.5) | 75.9 (70.3–81.5) |
AI/AN, non-Hispanic | 1495 | 7.5 (4.9–10.0) | 28.4 (23.5–33.3) | 64.1 (58.9–69.3) |
NH/PI, non-Hispanic | 399 |
a
| 28.0 (18.5–37.4) | 66.5 (56.6–76.4) |
Non-Hispanic, multirace | 1220 | 3.7 (2.1–5.4) | 28.4 (23.5–33.2) | 67.9 (62.8–73.0) |
Non-Hispanic, other | 481 |
a
| 23.0 (15.4–30.5) | 69.8 (61.2–78.3) |
Hispanic | 3804 | 3.8 (2.7–4.8) | 20.9 (18.5– 23.3) | 75.3 (72.8–77.9) |
Education | ||||
0–12 years (no diploma) | 6694 | 5.5 (4.5–6.4) | 27.2 (24.9–29.5) | 67.4 (65.0–69.8) |
GED | 1696 | 6.1 (3.9–8.4) | 33.8 (29.7–37.8) | 60.1 (55.9–64.4) |
High school graduate | 21,078 | 4.9 (4.3–5.5) | 32.5 (31.3–33.7) | 62.6 (61.3–63.9) |
Some college (no degree) | 15,778 | 3.9 (3.4–4.5) | 32.5 (31.1–33.9) | 63.6 (62.2–65.0) |
Associate degree | 14,241 | 3.4 (2.8–3.9) | 31.1 (29.7–32.5) | 65.5 (64.1–67.0) |
Undergraduate degree | 23,148 | 2.3 (2.0–2.6) | 33.2 (32.0–34.3) | 64.6 (63.4–65.7) |
Graduate degree | 15,170 | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | 30.8 (29.5–32.2) | 66.9 (65.6–68.3) |
Marital status | ||||
Married/partnered | 59,208 | 3.7 (3.4–4.0) | 30.9 (30.1–31.6) | 65.4 (64.6–66.2) |
Single/separated/divorced or widowed | 38,597 | 4.4 (4.0–4.8) | 32.3 (31.3–33.3) | 63.3 (62.2–64.3) |
Annual household income | ||||
<$20,000 | 11,039 |
6.1 (5.2–7.0)
| 25.9 (24.1–27.6) | 68.1 (66.2–70.0) |
$20,000–$49,999 | 31,555 | 4.0 (3.6–4.4) | 31.4 (30.3–32.5) | 64.6 (63.4–65.7) |
$50,000–$99,999 | 33,335 | 3.8 (3.4–4.3) | 33.0 (32.0–34.1) | 63.1 (62.1–64.2) |
≥$100,000 | 18,357 | 3.0 (2.4–3.6) | 34.2 (32.9–35.5) | 62.8 (61.4–64.2) |
Unspecified | 3519 | 3.1 (2.1–4.0) | 27.8 (24.7–30.9) | 69.1 (65.9–72.3) |
U.S. region | ||||
Northeast | 17,685 | 3.3 (2.8–3.8) | 30.7 (29.5–32.0) | 66.0 (64.7–67.3) |
Midwest | 20,255 | 4.4 (3.9–4.9) |
35.1 (34.0–36.2)
|
60.5 (59.4–61.7)
|
South | 38,595 | 4.3 (3.9–4.8) | 31.3 (30.3–32.3) | 64.4 (63.3–65.4) |
West | 21,270 | 3.7 (3.1–4.3) | 28.8 (27.2–30.3) | 67.5 (65.9–69.1) |
Sexual orientation | ||||
Heterosexual/straight | 94,698 | 4.0 (3.7–4.2) | 31.5 (30.9–32.2) | 64.5 (63.8–65.1) |
LGBT | 2180 | 3.6 (2.3–4.8) |
36.9 (32.6–41.2)
| 59.5 (55.2–63.9) |
Unspecified | 927 | 6.9 (3.4–10.3) | 13.9 (9.6–18.3) |
79.2 (73.8–84.6)
|
Children ≤17 years old living in household | ||||
Yes | 30,626 | 3.0 (2.6–3.5) | 28.8 (27.7–29.8) |
68.2 (67.1–69.3)
|
No | 67,179 |
4.7 (4.4–5.0)
|
33.4 (32.6–34.1)
| 62.0 (61.2–62.7) |
Tobacco usec
| ||||
Combustible only | 13,665 | 8.7 (7.8–9.6) | 43.5 (41.8–45.1) | 47.9 (46.2–49.5) |
Noncombustible only | 527 | 5.2 (2.4–8.0) | 32.6 (25.3–40.0) | 62.1 (54.6–69.7) |
Combustible & Noncombustible | 1080 | 9.2 (6.5–12.0) | 50.1 (44.8–55.4) | 40.7 (35.5–46.0) |
No tobacco use | 49,778 | 2.0 (1.7–2.2) | 21.5 (20.7–22.4) | 76.5 (75.6–77.3) |
Population coverage of smoke-free lawsb
| ||||
100 % state laws | 46,285 | 4.0 (3.6–4.4) | 31.1 (30.3–31.9) | 64.9 (64.1–65.8) |
20–99 % state laws | 15,902 | 4.3 (3.6–4.9) | 33.6 (31.8–35.4) | 62.1 (60.3–64.0) |
1–19 % state laws | 16,333 | 3.7 (3.1–4.3) | 29.1 (27.5–30.7) | 67.2 (65.5–68.9) |
0 % state or local laws | 17,785 | 4.2 (3.7–4.7) | 33.8 (32.6–35.0) | 62.0 (60.8–63.2) |
Perception of harm from secondhand smoke exposure, by state
State | Unweighted frequency | Not at all harmful to one’s health | Somewhat harmful | Very harmful |
---|---|---|---|---|
n
| % (95 % CI) | % (95 % CI) | % (95 % CI) | |
100 % of population covered by a comprehensive smoke-free lawa
| ||||
Arizona | 1539 | 5.7 (3.7–7.7) | 28.2 (24.2–32.1) | 66.1 (61.9–70.4) |
Colorado | 1634 | 3.4 (2.2–4.5) | 35.7 (32.0–39.5) | 60.9 (57.1–64.7) |
Delaware | 1585 | 2.4 (1.3–3.4) | 32.0 (25.2–38.7) | 65.6 (59.0–72.3) |
District of Columbia | 1427 |
b
| 30.0 (22.1–38.0) | 67.1 (59.1–75.1) |
Floridac
| 1859 | 5.6 (3.8–7.5) | 25.3 (22.7–27.9) | 69.1 (66.2–71.9) |
Hawaii | 1509 | 4.2 (2.0–6.4) | 29.5 (24.3–34.8) | 66.3 (60.8–71.7) |
Illinoisc
| 1698 | 4.0 (2.8–5.2) | 33.3 (30.2–36.4) | 62.7 (59.6–65.9) |
Iowa | 1768 | 2.7 (1.8–3.7) | 36.0 (31.8–40.3) | 61.2 (57.0–65.5) |
Louisianac
| 5164 | 4.7 (3.8–5.6) | 27.3 (25.3–29.4) | 67.9 (65.8–70.0) |
Maine | 1723 | 3.7 (2.3–5.2) | 31.4 (26.6–36.2) | 64.9 (60.0–69.7) |
Maryland | 1548 | 2.4 (1.3–3.5) | 34.3 (30.7–37.9) | 63.3 (59.7–67.0) |
Massachusettsc
| 1563 | 3.7 (2.3–5.2) | 33.1 (29.7–36.4) | 63.2 (59.8–66.6) |
Minnesota | 1563 | 5.2 (2.9–7.4) | 38.4 (34.8–41.9) | 56.4 (52.8–60.1) |
Montana | 1579 | 5.2 (2.7–7.7) | 31.7 (27.3–36.1) | 63.1 (58.5–67.8) |
Nebraska | 1587 | 5.2 (2.3–8.0) | 37.4 (31.4–43.4) | 57.4 (51.4–63.4) |
Nevada | 1554 | 5.4 (3.3–7.5) | 34.8 (29.7–40.0) | 59.8 (54.6–65.0) |
New Jerseyc
| 3308 | 3.4 (2.4–4.4) | 32.1 (29.8–34.4) | 64.5 (62.1–66.8) |
New Mexico | 1488 | 3.9 (1.8–6.0) | 27.6 (22.8–32.4) | 68.5 (63.6–73.5) |
New Yorkc
| 1839 | 2.5 (1.6–3.4) | 27.1 (24.4–29.8) | 70.4 (67.6–73.2) |
Ohioc
| 1811 | 4.7 (3.4–6.0) | 35.3 (32.6–38.1) | 59.9 (57.1–62.7) |
Oregon | 1697 | 3.4 (1.8–5.0) | 33.9 (30.5–37.3) | 62.7 (59.1–66.2) |
Rhode Island | 1566 |
b
| 30.1 (26.0–34.2) | 65.4 (61.0–69.8) |
Utah | 1796 | 2.6 (1.5–3.7) | 23.9 (20.5–27.4) | 73.5 (69.9–77.0) |
Vermont | 1734 | 2.0 (1.1–3.0) | 32.0 (26.3–37.8) | 65.9 (60.1–71.7) |
20–99 % of population covered by comprehensive smoke-free law | ||||
Washington | 1746 | 3.3 (1.9–4.8) | 33.3 (30.4–36.3) | 63.3 (60.2–66.4) |
Alaska | 1566 | 2.6 (1.4–3.8) | 28.5 (21.6–35.5) | 68.9 (61.8–75.9) |
Indiana | 1701 | 4.8 (3.3–6.4) | 35.0 (31.8–38.2) | 60.2 (56.9–63.4) |
Kansas | 1602 | 4.6 (2.3–7.0) | 35.2 (30.6–39.8) | 60.2 (55.4–64.9) |
Kentucky | 1532 | 6.8 (4.3–9.2) | 39.5 (34.6–44.5) | 53.7 (48.7–58.7) |
North Dakota | 1850 |
b
| 30.5 (21.1–39.9) | 65.6 (56.2–75.1) |
South Carolina | 4165 | 4.2 (2.6–5.9) | 31.8 (28.1–35.5) | 63.9 (60.1–67.7) |
Texasc
| 1942 | 3.6 (2.7–4.6) | 32.7 (29.6–35.7) | 63.7 (60.6–66.8) |
West Virginia | 1544 | 4.6 (2.7–6.5) | 30.3 (26.2–34.3) | 65.1 (60.9–69.4) |
1–19 % of population covered by a comprehensive smoke-free laws | ||||
Alabama | 1611 | 3.7 (2.3–5.2) | 29.4 (25.5–33.3) | 66.8 (62.7–70.9) |
Arkansas | 2384 |
b
| 35.0 (27.6–42.4) | 56.9 (49.5–64.4) |
Californiac
| 2159 | 3.4 (2.3–4.4) | 26.1 (23.4–28.8) | 70.5 (67.7–73.4) |
Georgiac
| 3976 | 3.4 (2.5–4.2) | 29.0 (26.6–31.5) | 67.6 (65.0–70.1) |
Mississippi | 1466 | 3.0 (1.9–4.1) | 27.0 (21.3–32.6) | 70.1 (64.3–75.8) |
Missouri | 1666 | 3.8 (2.6–5.0) | 38.2 (34.9–41.4) | 58.0 (54.7–61.4) |
Wisconsin | 1619 | 4.3 (2.5–6.0) | 35.4 (31.8–39.0) | 60.4 (56.7–64.1) |
Wyoming | 1452 |
b
| 37.4 (30.0–44.8) | 58.2 (50.9–65.5) |
0 % of population covered by comprehensive smoke-free law | ||||
Connecticut | 1500 | 3.1 (1.9–4.3) | 30.3 (26.6–34.0) | 66.6 (62.8–70.3) |
Idaho | 1551 | 3.3 (1.5–5.0) | 31.5 (25.7–37.3) | 65.2 (59.3–71.1) |
Michigan | 1656 | 4.6 (3.1–6.2) | 33.4 (30.1–36.8) | 61.9 (58.5–65.4) |
New Hampshire | 1638 |
b
| 32.0 (27.8–36.3) | 64.2 (59.7–68.7) |
North Carolinac
| 1665 | 4.8 (3.3–6.2) | 36.5 (33.2–39.8) | 58.7 (55.4–62.1) |
Oklahomac
| 3098 | 3.8 (3.0–4.7) | 30.7 (28.7–32.8) | 65.4 (63.3–67.5) |
Pennsylvaniac
| 2814 | 4.1 (3.1–5.1) | 33.9 (31.6–36.2) | 62.0 (59.7–64.3) |
South Dakota | 1734 | 3.1 (2.0–4.2) | 30.4 (26.4–34.5) | 66.4 (62.3–70.5) |
Tennessee | 1617 | 4.6 (3.2–6.0) | 33.4 (29.7–37.0) | 62.0 (58.3–65.8) |
Virginia | 2012 | 3.6 (2.5–4.7) | 33.7 (30.8–36.6) | 62.7 (59.8–65.7) |
National | 97,805 | 4.0 (3.7–4.3) | 31.5 (30.9–32.1) | 64.5 (63.9–65.2) |
Adjusted odds of perceived harm, overall
Combustible only | Noncombustible only | Combustible & Noncombustible | No tobacco use | Overall | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 5648) | (n = 297) | (n = 441) | (n = 38,074) | (n = 44,460) | ||||||
Characteristics | % | AOR (95 % CI)b
| % | AOR (95 % CI)b
| % | AOR (95 % CI)b
| % | AOR (95 % CI)b
| % | AOR (95 % CI)b
|
Overall | 47.9 (46.2–49.5) |
0.3 (0.2–0.4)
| 62.1 (54.3–69.4) |
0.7 (0.5–0.9)
| 40.7 (35.6–46.0) |
0.3 (0.2–0.4)
| 76.5 (75.6–77.3) | 1.00 | 67.3 (66.5–68.0) |
e
|
Sex | ||||||||||
Male | 45.1 (42.6–47.7) | 1.00 | 59.6 (51.0–67.6) | 1.00 | 40.6 (35.1–46.2) | 1.00 | 70.3 (68.4–72.2) | 1.00 | 58.7 (57.2–60.2) | 1.00 |
Female | 50.8 (48.7–52.9) |
1.3 (1.1–0.5)
| 77.3 (61.5–87.9) | 1.6 (0.6–4.0) | 42.1 (27.4–58.4) | 1.0 (0.5–2.1) | 79.2 (78.4–80.1) |
1.7 (1.5–1.9)
| 72.8 (72.0–73.6) |
1.6 (1.4–1.7)
|
Age (years) | ||||||||||
18–24 | 55.2 (50.5–59.8) | 1.00 | 70.5 (49.5–85.4) | 1.00 | 44.3 (34.6–54.4) | 1.00 | 74.5 (71.6–77.1) | 1.00 | 66.3 (63.9–68.7) | 1.00 |
25–44 | 53.8 (51.0–56.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 59.3 (47.2–70.4) | 0.4 (0.2–1.2) | 37.9 (31.0–45.2) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 78.0 (76.4–79.6) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 68.8 (67.4–70.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
45–64 | 39.8 (37.5–42.1) |
0.6 (0.5–0.8)
| 59.9 (48.1–70.6) | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 39.0 (28.7–50.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 75.8 (74.6–77.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 64.6 (63.4–65.7) |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
|
≥65 | 33.8 (29.7–38.3) |
0.5 (0.4–0.6)
| 65.1 (45.4–80.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.6) | 55.9 (34.9–74.9) | 1.7 (0.7–4.3) | 76.0 (74.6–77.4) | 1.1 (0.0–1.4) | 70.0 (68.5–71.4) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
White, non-Hispanic | 41.8 (40.0–43.5) | 1.00 | 59.6 (51.2–67.6) | 1.00 | 35.2 (30.1–40.8) | 1.00 | 73.0 (72.1–73.8) | 1.00 | 62.6 (61.8–63.4) | 1.00 |
Black, non-Hispanic | 60.4 (56.0–64.7) |
2.1 (1.7–2.6)
| 64.1 (37.1–84.4) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 69.4 (45.4–86.1) | 6.3 (2.2–8.1) | 83.1 (80.8–85.3) |
1.9 (1.6–2.3)
| 76.3 (74.2–78.3) |
2.0 (1.7–2.3)
|
Asian, non-Hispanic | 48.0 (33.4–63.0) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) |
e
|
e
| 12.6 (1.3–61.4) | 0.2 (0.0–3.4) | 82.7 (73.8–89.1) |
1.8 (1.1–3.0)
| 78.3 (70.7–84.3) |
1.7 (1.1–2.5)
|
AI/AN, non-Hispanic | 53.9 (43.4–64.0) |
1.6 (1.1–2.4)
|
d
| 0.2 (0.0–2.1) |
d
| 1.33 (0.6–3.1) | 81.1 (71.0–88.3) | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 65.0 (58.4–71.0) |
1.5 (1.1– 2.0)
|
NH/PI, non-Hispanic | 58.2 (39.6–74.8) | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) |
e
|
e
| 65.1 (17.3–94.3) | 2.9 (0.4–21.0) | 76.2 (59.7–87.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 70.4 (58.5–80.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
Non-Hispanic, multirace | 47.5 (36.4–58.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) |
d
| 0.6 (0.1–3.5) |
d
| 2.9 (0.7–11.9) | 80.4 (73.2–86.0) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 66.5 (60.2–72.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
Non-Hispanic, other | 57.9 (36.7–76.6) | 1.7 (0.7–4.1) | 96.5 (75.5–99.6) | 50.9 (5.0–514.6) | 78.5 (35.3–96.1) | 8.2 (0.3–202.5) | 86.7 (72.8–94.1) | 2.3 (1.0–5.6) | 74.8 (63.6–83.5) |
2.1 (1.2–3.8)
|
Hispanic | 63.8 (56.8–70.3) |
1.9 (1.4–2.7)
| 86.3 (45.4–98.0) | 7.8 (0.6–109.8) | 96.7 (85.7–99.3) | 3.3 (1.4–7.8) | 82.7 (79.5–85.5) |
1.8 (1.4–2.2)
| 77.3 (74.3–80.1) |
1.8 (1.5–2.2)
|
Education | ||||||||||
0–12 years (no diploma) | 56.5 (51.9–61.0) | 1.00 | 73.5 (59.0–84.2) | 1.00 | 45.3 (32.7–58.5) | 1.00 | 77.9 (74.5–81.0) | 1.00 | 68.8 (66.1–71.4) | 1.00 |
GED | 50.4 (42.7–58.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) |
d
| 0.6 (0.1–3.8) | 49.3 (28.8–70.0) | 1.8 (0.7–4.6) | 73.7 (65.9–80.2) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 59.2 (53.8–64.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
High school graduate | 44.7 (41.8–47.6) |
0.7 (0.6–0.9)
| 68.3 (54.4–79.6) | 0.7 (0.3–2.0) | 36.9 (29.1–45.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 75.3 (73.5–77.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 64.7 (63.2–66.2) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
Some college (no degree) | 45.3 (41.8–48.9) |
0.7 (0.6–0.9)
| 48.3 (28.3–68.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 41.9 (30.8–53.8) | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 75.7 (73.8–77.5) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 66.0 (64.3–67.7) | 0.9 (0.74–1.0) |
Associate degree | 49.3 (45.4–53.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 39.7 (22.3–60.3) |
0.1 (0.0–0.5)
| 34.4 (23.9–46.8) | 1.0 (0.5–2.2) | 79.1 (77.4–80.7) | 1.3 (1.0–1.6) | 69.5 (67.8–71.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
Undergraduate degree | 41.0 (37.2–44.8) |
0.7 (0.5–0.9)
| 58.6 (36.8–77.5) | 0.5 (0.1–1.8) | 40.7 (26.3–57.0) | 1.4 (0.6–3.6) | 75.7 (74.2–77.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 68.9 (67.5–70.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
Graduate degree | 40.4 (34.7–46.4) |
0.7 (0.5–0.9)
|
d
|
0.1 (0.0–0.7)
|
d
| 1.0 (0.3–3.3) | 76.6 (75.0–78.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 71.6 (69.9–73.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
Marital status | ||||||||||
Married/partnered | 48.4 (46.1–50.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 95.4 (89.7–98.0) | 2.0 (0.9–4.1) | 41.2 (34.0–48.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 76.7 (75.7–77.8) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 68.6 (67.6–69.6) | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) |
Single/separated/ divorced or widowed | 47.4 (45.0–49.7) | 1.00 | 94.0 (88.5–97.0) | 1.00 | 40.3 (33.2–47.7) | 1.00 | 76.1 (74.7–77.5) | 1.00 | 65.6 (64.4–66.8) | 1.00 |
Annual household income | ||||||||||
<$20,000 | 53.7 (49.8–57.4) | 1.00 | 63.7 (54.5–71.9) | 1.00 | 40.3 (27.2–55.0) | 1.00 | 81.2 (78.8–83.4) | 1.00 | 69.2 (67.0–71.3) | 1.00 |
$20,000–$49,999 | 47.9 (45.3–50.6) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 60.1 (46.7–72.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) | 37.4 (29.6–45.8) | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 76.4 (74.7–78.0) |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
| 66.2 (64.8–67.6) |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
|
$50,000–$99,999 | 42.3 (39.2–45.5) |
0.7 (0.6–0.9)
| 62.1 (54.3–69.4) |
0.3 (0.1–0.9)
| 47.7 (38.0–57.5) | 1.8 (0.9–3.8) | 75.7 (74.4–77.0) |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
| 66.8 65.5–68.1) |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
|
≥$100,000 | 44.5 (39.3–49.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 77.5 (59.8–88.8) | 0.3 (0.1–1.2) | 30.9 (19.6–45.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | 74.8 (73.0–76.5) |
0.8 (0.6–0.9)
| 67.4 (65.5–69.2) |
0.9 (0.7–0.9)
|
Unspecified | 58.2 (50.1–66.0) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
d
|
0.2 (0.0–0.8)
| 60.6 (39.2–78.6) | 2.6 (0.9–7.3) | 75.3 (71.2–79.0) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 70.8 (67.1–74.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
U.S. region indicator | ||||||||||
Northeast | 49.2 (45.7–52.8) | 1.1 (0.9– 1.4) | 68.6 (46.8–84.4) | 3.2 (0.8–12.9) | 45.1 (31.6–59.4) | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 76.2 (74.6–77.8) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 68.4 (66.9–70.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
Midwest | 43.6 40.4–46.8) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 56.1 (40.6–70.6) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 32.6 (23.3–43.5) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 73.3 (71.8–74.8) |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
| 63.1 (61.6–64.5) |
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
|
South | 48.4 45.8–50.9) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 64.8 (53.6–74.5) | 2.2 (0.8–6.2) | 42.0 (34.6–49.7) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 76.9 (75.5–78.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 67.2 (65.9–68.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) |
West | 50.5 46.0–54.9) | 1.00 | 59.5 (39.5–76.7) | 1.00 | 45.0 (32.7–58.1) | 1.00 | 78.9 (76.7–81.0) | 1.00 | 70.5 (68.5–72.5) | 1.00 |
Sexual orientation | ||||||||||
Heterosexual/straight | 47.7 46.0–49.4) | 1.00 | 62.0 (54.1–69.4) | 1.00 | 41.3 (36.2–46.7) | 1.00 | 76.4 (75.5–77.2) | 1.00 | 67.2 (66.5–68.0) | 1.00 |
LGBT | 47.3 (39.1–55.7) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 80.4 (4.5–97.0) | 1.5 (0.1–21.1) |
d
| 0.2 (0.0–1.1) | 74.6 67.5–80.5) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 60.7 (55.2–66.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
Unspecified | 63.7 (41.4–81.3) | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) |
d
|
0.0 (0.0–0.5)
| 81.9 (41.8–96.6) | 8.1 (1.2–56.3) | 83.3 (76.8–88.3) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 80.2 (73.5–85.5) | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
Children ≤17 years old living in household | ||||||||||
Yes | 56.7 (53.9–59.4) |
1.4 (1.2–1.6)
| 66.1 (54.9–75.8) |
2.0 (1.1–4.0)
| 42.8 (35.0–51.0) | 1.4 (0.9–2.3) | 79.1 (77.7–80.4) |
1.2 (1.1–1.4)
| 71.5 (70.2–72.8) |
1.3 (1.1–1.4)
|
No | 41.4 (39.4–43.4) | 1.00 | 58.9 (48.1–68.9) | 1.00 | 38.9 (32.3–45.9) | 1.00 | 74.6 (73.5–75.6) | 1.00 | 64.1 (63.2–65.1) | 1.00 |
Population coverage of smoke-free lawsc
| ||||||||||
100 % state laws | 48.7 (46.4–51.1) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 65.3 (52.1–76.5) |
2.9 (1.1–7.4)
| 37.3 (29.8–45.5) |
0.5 (0.3–0.9)
| 77.0 (75.9–78.0) |
1.2 (1.1–1.3)
| 68.1 (67.1–69.2) |
1.1 (1.1–1.3)
|
20–99 % state laws | 48.4 (44.0–52.8) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 69.3 (56.6–79.7) |
3.2 (1.2–8.3)
| 39.0 (27.3–52.1) | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | 78.5 (76.1–80.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 69.2 (67.1–71.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) |
1–19 % state laws | 47.5 (43.2–52.0) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 51.8 (30.2–72.7) | 1.3 (0.5–3.6) | 40.2 (27.8–54.0) | 0.7 (0.3–1.4) | 75.0 (72.3–77.5) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 65.4 (63.1–67.6) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) |
0 % state or local laws | 45.2 (42.0–48.5) | 1.00 | 57.7 (43.3–70.9) | 1.00 | 48.1 (38.4–57.9) | 1.00 | 73.6 (72.0–75.2) | 1.00 | 64.0 (62.5–65.5) | 1.00 |