Introduction
The Predictive Role of Parental Transportation Support Provision
The Role of Perceived School and Community-Based PA Promotion Programs
The Aims
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Data Analysis
Variable | The total sample | Children with normal body mass | Children with overweight/obesity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path coefficients/covariance coefficients | Estimate (90% BCI) | SE | p value | Estimate (90% BCI) | SE | p value | Estimate (90% BCI) | SE | p value |
Predictors of child MVPA (T2) | |||||||||
PA promotion (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) |
2.982 (1.290, 4.662)
|
1.062
|
.005
|
2.605 (0.597, 4.586)
|
1.326
|
.050
| 3.318 (− 0.087, 6.859) | 2.049 | .105 |
Transportation (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) |
4.513 (2.696, 6.456)
|
0.960
|
< .001
|
3.928 (1.735, 6.433)
|
1.206
|
< .001
|
5.428 (1.640, 9.279)
|
1.930
|
.005
|
Transportation (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | 0.024 (− 1.819, 1.633) | 0.799 | .976 | − 0.214 (− 2.633, 1.765) | 1.003 | .831 | 0.242 (− 2.906, 3.454) | 1.556 | .876 |
BMI (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | 0.134 (− 0.210, 0.486) | 0.213 | .530 | 0.143 (− 0.292, 0.570) | 0.279 | .608 | 0.278 (− 0.380, 0.886) | 0.369 | .451 |
BMI z scores (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) |
1.688 (0.658, 2.676)
|
0.633
|
.008
| − 0.219 (− 2.835, 2.129) | 1.426 | .878 | 2.248 (− 1.058, 5.582) | 2.290 | .326 |
MVPA (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | 0.018 (− 0.042, 0.077) | 0.041 | .664 | 0.067 (− 0.014, 0.142) | 0.052 | .200 | − 0.053 (− 0.181, 0.073) | 0.075 | .476 |
MVPA (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) |
0.294 (0.229, 0.364)
|
0.029
|
< .001
|
0.349 (0.266, 0.441)
|
0.036
|
< .001
|
0.134 (0.021, 0.260)
|
0.057
|
.018
|
Gender (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | 1.795 | 2.150 | .404 | 3.503 | 2.794 | .210 | − 2.959 | 3.858 | .443 |
Gender (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | − 3.540 |
1.544
|
.022
| − 3.116 | 1.937 | .108 |
− 6.419
|
2.967
|
.030
|
Age (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | 0.198 | 0.129 | .123 | 0.279 | 0.165 | .090 | − 0.376 | 0.249 | .131 |
Age (Ch, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | 0.735 | 0.577 | .203 | 0.788 | 0.721 | .274 | 0.412 | 1.197 | .731 |
Education (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | − 1.231 | 0.669 | .066 | − 1.057 | 0.836 | .207 | − 0.473 | 1.290 | .714 |
Economic status (P, T1) → MVPA (Ch, T2) | − 0.761 | 0.975 | .435 | − 0.493 | 1.227 | .688 | − 1.939 | 1.825 | .288 |
Predictors of child z BMI score (T2) | |||||||||
MVPA (Ch, T2) → BMI z scores (Ch, T2) | − 0.001 (− 0.002, - 0.001) |
< 0.001
|
.025
| − 0.001 (− 0.002, 0.001) | 0.001 | .163 | − 0.003 (− 0.005, − 0.001) |
0.001
|
< .001
|
BMI (P, T1) → BMI z scores (Ch, T2) | 0.001 (− 0.005, 0.008) | 0.004 | .742 | 0.002 (− 0.008, 0.012) | 0.005 | .718 | 0.002 (− 0.007, 0.010) | 0.005 | .705 |
BMI z scores (Ch, T1) → BMI z scores (Ch, T2) |
0.940 (0.922, 0.958)
|
0.012
|
< .001
|
0.929 (0.886, 0.972)
|
0.027
|
< .001
|
0.921 (0.875, 0.958)
|
0.031
|
< .001
|
Gender (P, T1) → BMI z scores (Ch, T2) | 0.029 | 0.040 | .467 | − 0.009 | 0.054 | .862 | 0.018 | 0.053 | .735 |
Gender (Ch, T1) → BMI z scores (Ch, T2) | − 0.005 | 0.029 | .867 | 0.013 | 0.037 | .722 | − 0.044 | 0.041 | .286 |
Age (P, T1) → BMI z-scores (Ch, T2) | − 0.001 | 0.002 | .716 | < .001 | 0.003 | .916 | − 0.002 | 0.003 | .538 |
Age (Ch, T1) → BMI z-scores (Ch, T2) | −0.010 | 0.011 | .348 | − 0.009 | 0.014 | .520 | − 0.008 | 0.016 | .609 |
Education (P, T1) → BMI z-scores (Ch, T2) |
0.025
|
0.012
|
.031
| 0.027 | 0.015 | .085 | 0.025 | 0.016 | .135 |
Economic status (P, T1) → BMI z-scores (Ch, T2) | − 0.007 | 0.018 | .698 | − 0.011 | 0.023 | .626 | 0.039 | 0.025 | .119 |
Covariances | |||||||||
PA promotion (P, T1) ←→ MVPA (Ch, T1) | 0.010 | 0.657 | .988 | 0.011 | 0.836 | .990 | 0.203 | 1.302 | .876 |
PA promotion (P, T1) ←→ Transportation (P, T1) | 0.039 | 0.024 | .099 |
0.069
|
0.030
|
.022
| − 0.007 | 0.048 | .887 |
PA promotion (P, T1) ←→ Transportation (Ch, T1) | 0.026 | 0.027 | .335 | 0.003 | 0.035 | .941 | 0.062 | 0.055 | .265 |
PA promotion (P, T1) ←→ Economic status (P, T1) | 0.014 | 0.021 | .507 | 0.007 | 0.026 | .778 | − 0.003 | 0.042 | .950 |
PA promotion (P, T1) ←→ Education (P, T1) | − 0.050 | 0.031 | .109 | − 0.048 | 0.039 | .213 | − 0.073 | 0.064 | .254 |
Transportation (P, T1) ←→ MVPA (Ch, T1) |
2.871
|
0.817
|
< .001
|
2.020
|
1.035
|
.051
|
4.466
|
1.620
|
.006
|
Transportation (P, T1) ←→ Transportation (Ch, T1) |
0.508
|
0.040
|
< .001
|
0.531
|
0.051
|
< .001
|
0.563
|
0.083
|
< .001
|
Transportation (P, T1) ←→ Economic status (P, T1) |
0.181
|
0.028
|
< .001
|
0.194
|
0.035
|
< .001
|
0.187
|
0.057
|
< .001
|
Transportation (P, T1) ←→ Education (P, T1) |
0.404
|
0.043
|
< .001
|
0.380
|
0.053
|
< .001
|
0.483
|
0.090
|
< .001
|
Transportation (Ch, T1) ←→ MVPA (Ch, T1) |
6.085
|
1.008
|
< .001
|
6.374
|
1.285
|
< .001
|
4.688
|
1.998
|
.019
|
Transportation (Ch, T1) ←→ Economic status (P, T1) |
0.140
|
0.031
|
< .001
|
0.160
|
0.039
|
< .001
| 0.084 | 0.065 | .195 |
Transportation (Ch, T1) ←→ Education (P, T1) |
0.239
|
0.047
|
< .001
|
0.216
|
0.059
|
< .001
|
0.301
|
0.099
|
.002
|
MVPA (P, T1) ←→ BMI (P, T1) | − 6.587 |
2.428
|
.007
| − 5.183 | 2.784 | .063 | − 15.025 |
5.814
|
.010
|
MVPA (P, T1) ←→ BMI z scores (Ch, T1) | − 0.097 | 0.809 | .905 | 0.062 | 0.542 | .909 | − 0.823 | 0.908 | .365 |
MVPA (Ch, T1) ←→ MVPA (P, T1) |
97.787
|
17.680
|
< .001
|
94.058
|
21.797
|
< .001
|
122.494
|
38.382
|
.001
|
MVPA (Ch, T1) ←→ BMI (P, T1) | 0.174 | 3.339 | .959 | − 1.910 | −0.384 | .656 | 2.153 | 7.373 | .770 |
MVPA (Ch, T1) ←→ BMI z scores (Ch, T1) | − 0.264 | 1.118 | .814 | − 0.882 | 0.971 | .358 | 0.019 | 1.168 | .987 |
BMI (P, T1) ←→ BMI z scores (Ch, T1) |
0.901
|
0.159
|
< .001
|
0.273
|
0.101
|
.007
| − 0.823 | 0.908 | .365 |
BMI (P, T1) ←→ Age (P, T1) |
3.796
|
0.766
|
< .001
|
3.910
|
0.896
|
< .001
|
4.384
|
1.690
|
.009
|
BMI (P, T1) ←→Gender (P, T1) |
− 0.390
|
0.049
|
< .001
| − 0.368 |
0.057
|
< .001
| − 0.411 |
0.114
|
< .001
|
Economic status (P, T1) ←→ Education (P, T1) |
0.324
|
0.038
|
< .001
|
0.302
|
0.046
|
< .001
|
0.329
|
0.078
|
< .001
|