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19.02.2025 | Perioperative Infektionsprophylaxe | Leitthema

Perioperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei Adipositas

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Christoph Schnurr

Erschienen in: Die Orthopädie | Ausgabe 4/2025

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Endoprothetische Eingriffe bei Adipositas sind mit Blick auf perioperative Infektionen Risikoeingriffe. Die korrekte Antibiotikaprophylaxe stellt dabei einen zentralen Pfeiler der Infektionsprophylaxe dar. Studien zeigen erhöhte Infektionsraten, wenn ein anderes Antibiotikum als Cefazolin zur Prophylaxe verabreicht wurde. Bei Patienten mit anamnestischer Penicillin-Allergie besteht nur äußerst selten tatsächlich eine Allergie, das Vorhandensein von Kreuzallergien auf Cephalosporine ist ebenso selten. Daher sollten alle Anstrengungen unternommen werden, ein Cephalosporin der 1. oder 2. Generation, wie beispielsweise Cefazolin, zu verabreichen.

Dosierung

Ob die Dosierung der Antibiotikaprophylaxe an das Körpergewicht angepasst werden sollte, bleibt aufgrund der schlechten Datenlage unklar: Fallserien zeigen erhöhte Infektionsraten bei einer Unterdosierung von Cefazolin und empfehlen die Dosiserhöhung auf 3 g bei einem Körpergewicht über 120 kg. Studien höherer Evidenzgrade existieren hierzu jedoch nicht. Publizierte Untersuchungen der Antibiotikawirkspiegel im Situs bleiben mit Blick auf mögliche gewichtsabhängige Dosisanpassungen widersprüchlich. Ebenso existiert keine ausreichende Datenlage, ob eine lokale intraoperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei Adipositas sinnvoll sein könnte. Hinweise auf einen positiven Nutzen einer Doppelprophylaxe mit zwei verschiedenen Antibiotika oder einer verlängerten postoperativen Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei Adipositas finden sich nicht.

Fazit

Zusammenfassend ist die Datenlage zur Antibiotikaprophylaxe insgesamt, aber insbesondere mit Fokus auf mögliche Dosisanpassungen bei Adipositas, unzureichend. Die rechtzeitige Gabe eines Cephalosporins wie Cefazolin stellt hierbei in der O&U den Goldstandard dar. Eine mögliche Dosiserhöhung auf 3 g bei einem Körpergewicht über 120 kg erscheint mit Blick auf die geringen Kosten und das breite therapeutische Fenster möglich und wird daher in der aktuellen AWMF-S3-Leitlinie empfohlen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Perioperative Antibiotikaprophylaxe bei Adipositas
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Christoph Schnurr
Publikationsdatum
19.02.2025

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