Introduction
Ischemic stroke | |
Numerous studies demonstrating an association with any migraine [e1-e22]; | |
Definite association with migraine with aura [e1,e3-e4,e7-e8,e11-e12,e15-e16,e19-e21]; | |
No definite association with migraine without aura [e1,e3,e7,e11-e12,e16,e19-e20]; | |
Association with migraine with aura confirmed by three meta-analyses [e23-e25]. | |
Transient ischemic attack | |
The risk seems to be increased in migraineurs, although this issue has not been extensively investigated due to a challenging overlap of symptoms with migraine aura [e6,e19]. | |
Hemorrhagic stroke | |
Several studies addressing the topic and providing inconsistent results [e5,e8-e10,e26-e29]; | |
A meta-analysis of those studies indicating a small but significant association [e30]; | |
No definite conclusion regarding migraine type. | |
Cardiac events | |
Two large studies indicating an association with any migraine in men and women and with migraine with aura in women (data not available for men) [e1,e2]; Conflicting results provided by other available studies [e4,e31-e33]; | |
No association with any migraine in meta-analysis of data but few studies available [e23]; No analysis according to migraine type due to lack of data. | |
A recent study reporting an association between migraine (any migraine, migraine with aura and migraine without aura) and myocardial infarction [e4]. | |
Vascular death | |
A meta-analysis and a large study supporting an association with migraine with aura [e23]; | |
No association with any migraine according to meta-analysis of data [e23]. | |
Other vascular diseases | |
Studies indicating a possible association with any migraine and retinal disease [e34,e35] and peripheral artery disease [e36-e37]. | |
Brain lesions | |
Migraine has been associated with white-matter hyperintensities and infarct-like lesions [e38-e42]; | |
Association of migraine with white matter hyperintensities confirmed in two meta-analyses [e41,e43]; no definite association with infarct-like lesions [e43] |
Background information about arterial and endothelial function and its measurements
Search strategy and selection criteria
Review
Arterial and endothelial function in migraineurs
Endothelial function in migraineurs
Study (First author, year) | Study design | Patients included (n) | % women | Exclusion criteria | Migraine diagnosis | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
De Hoon, 2006 [20] | CC | Migraine: 10 | 60 | CVD, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia, CS | ICHD-I | No differences in FMD between migraineurs and controls |
Controls: 10 | ||||||
Hamed, 2010 [21] | CC | Migraine: 38 | 89 | CVD and vascular RF, DM, CS, alcoholism, active gastrointestinal disease, gout, epilepsy, recent infection, renal failure, pregnancy or lactation, regular use FANS or antimigrainous drugs and OC | ICHD-II | No differences in FMD between migraineurs and controls |
(MwA: 14; | ||||||
MwoA: 24) | ||||||
Controls: 35 | ||||||
Perko, 2011 [22] | CC | MwA: 20 | 80 | CVD, obesity, HYP, dyslipidemia, pregnancy or lactation and regular use of vasoactive drugs | ICHD-II | No differences in FMD between migraineurs and controls |
MwoA: 20 | ||||||
Controls: 20 | ||||||
Rodriguez-Osorio, 2012 [23] | CC | Migraine : 47 | 98 | CAD, inflammatory disease, obesity, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia, CS, infectious disease, severe systemic disease, ovarium pathology, pregnancy or lactation, use of vasoactive drugs | ICHD-II | No differences in FMD between migraineurs and controls |
(MwA:14; | ||||||
MwoA: 33) | ||||||
Controls: 23 | ||||||
Rossato, 2011 [24] | CC | Migraine: 20 | 75 | Age ≥50, vascular RF, CS, use of vasoactive drugs | Not reported | Decreased FMD in migraineurs |
Controls: 20 | ||||||
Silva, 2007 [25] | CC | Migraine: 50 (MwA: 25; MwoA: 25) | 88 | None | ICHD-II | No differences in FMD between migraineurs and controls |
Controls: 25 | ||||||
Thomsen, 1996 [26] | CC | MwoA: 12 | 100 | Use of any daily drugs | ICHD-I | No differences in FMD between migraineurs and controls |
Controls: 12 | ||||||
Vanmolkot, 2007 [27] | CC | Migraine: 50 | 78 | Age >50, CVD, HYP, obesity, DM, dyslipidemia, pregnancy or lactation, use of vasoactive drugs (except OC) | Validated questionnaire | Decreased FMD in migraineurs |
Controls: 50 | ||||||
Vernieri, 2010 [28] | CC | Migraine:21 | None | ICHD-II | FMD increased from controls to MwoA to MwA patients | |
(MwA: 11; MwoA: 10) | ||||||
Controls: 13 | ||||||
Yetkin, 2006 [29] | CC | Migraine: 45 | 80 | CAD, HYP, obesity, DM, infectious disease, ovarium pathology | ICHD-I | Decreased FMD in migraineurs |
Controls: 45 | ||||||
Yetkin, 2007 [30] | CC | Migraine: 24 | 89 | HYP, CAD, DM, infectious disease | ICHD-I | Decreased FMD in migraineurs |
Controls: 26 |
Study (First author, year) | Study design | Patients included (n) | % women | Exclusion criteria | Migraine diagnosis | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arterial tonometry | ||||||
Jiménez-Caballero, 2013 [31] | CC | CM: 21 | 71 | Age ≥50, CVD, inflammatory disease, obesity, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia, CS, active cancer, ovarium pathology, pregnancy or lactation, regular use of vasoactive drugs | ICHD-II | Smaller RHI in migraineurs |
Controls: 21 | ||||||
Liman, 2012 [32] | CC | MwA: 29 | 100 | CVD, obesity, HYP, DM, pregnancy, use of drugs (statins, anticoagulants or antiplatelet and intake of triptans within the previous 24 h) | ICHD-II | No differences in PAT ratio between migraineurs and controls |
Controls: 30 | ||||||
Vasodilation in response to pharmacological stimuli | ||||||
De Hoon, 2006 [20] | CC | Migraine: 10 | 60 | CVD, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia, CS | ICHD-I | No differences between migraineurs and controls in vasodilation response to serotonin, sodium nitroprusside, and CGRP |
Controls: 10 | ||||||
Edvinsson, 2008 [33] | CC | MwoA: 9 | 78 | None | ICHD-I | No differences between migraineurs and controls in vasodilation response after local heating and iontophoretic administration of acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and CGRP |
Controls: 9 | ||||||
Napoli, 2009 [34] | CC | MwoA: 12 | 58 | HYP, DM, hypercholesterolemia, CVD, CS | ICHD-I | Reduced response to endothelium-dependent vasodilation and production of cGMP in migraineurs; no difference in production of NO |
Controls: 12 | ||||||
Vanmolkot, 2010 [35] | CC | Migraine:16 | 75 | Age >50, CVD, HYP, obesity, DM, CS, dyslipidemia, pregnancy or lactation, use of vasoactive drugs (except OC) | ICHD-II | No differences between migraineurs and controls to sodium nitroprusside, substance P, and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine |
Controls: 16 | ||||||
Yetkin, 2007 [30] | CC | Migraine: 24 | 89 | HYP, CAD, DM, infectious disease | ICHD-I | Higher nitrate-mediated dilation in migraineurs |
Controls: 26 |
Study (First author, year) | Study design | Patients included (n) | % women | Exclusion criteria | Migraine diagnosis | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lee, 2008 [36] | CC | Migraine: 92 | 70 | CVD, diabetic retinopathy | ICHD-II | Decreased number and migratory capacity and higher senescence levels of endothelial progenitor cells in migraineurs versus controls |
(MwoA: 67; MwA: 25) | ||||||
Controls: 37 | ||||||
Oterino, 2013 [37] | CC | CM: 51 | 73 | CVD, inflammatory disease, cancer or treatment with antimitogen agents, pregnancy in the last year | ICHD-I | Higher number of activated endothelial progenitor cells in migraineurs |
EM: 48 | ||||||
Controls: 35 | ||||||
Rodriguez-Osorio, 2012 [23] | CC | Migraine : 47 | 98 | CAD, inflammatory disease, obesity, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia, CS, infectious disease, severe systemic disease; ovarium pathology, pregnancy or lactation, use of vasoactive drugs | ICHD-II | Lower endothelial progenitor cell counts in migraineurs |
(MwA:14; MwoA: 33) | ||||||
Controls: 23 |
Arterial function in migraineurs
Study (First author, year) | Study design | Patients included (n) | % women | Exclusion criteria | Migraine diagnosis | Parameters assessed | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
De Hoon, 2003 [46] | CC | MwA: 11 | 76 | CVD, inflammatory disease, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia | ICHD-I | Diameter and compliance parameters of brachial, carotid, femoral, and temporal arteries | Smaller diameter and distension of brachial artery and larger right temporal artery diameter in migraineurs; no differences in carotid and femoral arteries |
MwoA: 39 | |||||||
Controls: 50 | |||||||
Ikeda, 2011 [42] | CC | MwA:22 | 73 | CVD, vascular RF | ICHD-II | Brachial PWV | Higher PWV in migraineurs |
MwoA:89 | |||||||
Controls:110 | |||||||
Jiménez-Caballero, 2013 [31] | CC | CM: 21 | 71 | Age ≥50, CVD, inflammatory disease, obesity, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia | ICHD-II | Radial AIx | Higher AIx in migraineurs |
Controls: 21 | |||||||
Liman, 2012 [32] | CC | MwA: 29 | 100 | CVD, obesity, arterial HYP, DM | ICHD-II | Peripheral AIx | Higher Aix in migraineurs |
Controls: 30 | |||||||
Nagai, 2007 [45] | PB | Group A:134 | 93 | Stroke | Validated questionnaire | Radial AIx | Higher AIx in migraineurs |
(5% migraineurs) | |||||||
Group B:138 | |||||||
(17% migraineurs) | |||||||
Schillaci, 2010 [43] | CC | MwA:17 | 85 | CVD, inflammatory disease, HYP, DM, dyslipidemia | ICHD-II | Aortic PWV and aortic AIx | Higher PWV and AIx in migraineurs, especially in MwA |
MwoA: 43 | |||||||
Controls:60 | |||||||
Stam, 2013 [44] | PB | MwA: 123 | 75 | None | ICHD-II | Carotid and femoral PWV | No differences between migraineurs and controls |
MwoA: 167 | |||||||
Controls: 542 | |||||||
Vanmolkot, 2007 [27] | CC | Migraine: 50 | 78 | None | ICHD-I | Diameter and compliance parameters of brachial and femoral arteries, aortic AIx and aortic PWV | Smaller brachial artery diameter and compliance and smaller femoral artery diameter in migraineurs; higher aortic AIx in migraineurs; higher PWV in migraineurs not confirmed after adjustment for age and mean arterial pressure |
Controls: 50 |