Introduction
Material and methods
Results
Prevalence of tooth agenesis
Non-syndromic Robin sequence (ns-RS) | Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) | Chi-square Test (two-sided) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| % |
N
| % |
P
| |
Total number of patients | 115 | 100 | 191 | 100 | |
Males/females | 49/66 | 42.6/57.4 | 86/105 | 45.0/55.0 | |
Tooth agenesis (excl. 3rd molars) | 55 | 47.8 | 57 | 29.8 |
< 0.001
|
Maxilla | 28 | 24.3 | 31 | 16.2 |
0.082
|
Mandibulaa
| 45 | 39.1 | 39 | 20.4 |
< 0.001
|
Right dental quadrants (q1, q4) | 42 | 36.5 | 43 | 22.5 |
0.008
|
Left dental quadrants (q2, q3) | 50 | 43.4 | 42 | 22.0 |
< 0.001
|
In males | 18/49 | 36.7 | 28/86 | 32.6 | 0.622 |
In femalesb
| 37/66 | 56.0 | 30/105 | 28.6 |
< 0.001
|
A: Non-syndromic Robin sequence (ns-RS) | ||||||
Tooth number | Maxilla right | Maxilla left | Mandibula left | Mandibula right | All dental quadrants | |
(q1, N) | (q2, N) | (q3, N) | (q4, N) |
N
| % | |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2.2 |
2 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 26 | 18.7 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.7 |
4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 15 | 10.8 |
5 | 12 | 17 | 31 | 29 | 89 | 64.0 |
6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.7 |
7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 2.9 |
Total | 24 | 30 | 46 | 39 | 139 | 100 |
B: Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) | ||||||
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2.8 |
2 | 10 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 24 | 22.6 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 4.7 |
5 | 12 | 11 | 25 | 24 | 72 | 67.6 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 |
7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1.9 |
Total | 23 | 24 | 29 | 30 | 106 | 100 |
Patterns of tooth agenesis
A. Non-syndromic Robin sequence (ns-RS) | q1 | q2 | q3 | q4 | |||||
TAC | Tooth typea
|
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
0 | none | 94 | 81.7 | 88 | 76.5 | 76 | 66.1 | 81 | 70.4 |
1 | I1
| 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.7 |
2 | I2
| 6 | 5.2 | 8 | 7.0 | 6 | 5.2 | 3 | 2.6 |
8 | P1
| 2 | 1.7 | 2 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
16 | P2
| 10 | 8.7 | 14 | 12.2 | 28 | 24.3 | 24 | 20.9 |
18 | P2 + I2
| 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
20 | P2 + C | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 |
24 | P2 + P1
| 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.9 | 4 | 3.5 |
26 | P2 + P1 + I2
| 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
32 | M1
| 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
67 | I1 + I2 + M2
| 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
80 | P2 + M2
| 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
88 | P2 + P1 + M2
| 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
Total | 115 | 100 | 115 | 100 | 115 | 100 | 115 | 100 | |
No. of TAC patterns | 7 | 7 | 8 | 6 | |||||
B. Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) | q1 | q2 | q3 | q4 | |||||
TAC | Tooth type |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
N
| % |
0 | none | 170 | 89.0 | 169 | 88.5 | 162 | 84.8 | 161 | 84.3 |
1 | I1
| 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.6 |
2 | I2
| 9 | 4.7 | 9 | 4.7 | 2 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.5 |
8 | P1
| 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.5 |
16 | P2
| 10 | 5.2 | 9 | 4.7 | 25 | 13.1 | 24 | 12.6 |
18 | P2 + I2
| 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
24 | P2 + P1
| 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
64 | M2
| 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.5 |
Total | 191 | 100 | 191 | 100 | 191 | 100 | 191 | 100 | |
No. of TAC patterns | 5 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
A. Non-syndromic Robin sequence (ns-RS) | |||||
No. | TAC value | Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) | Missing teeth (N) | Missing tooth/teeth |
1 | 0.0.0.0 | 60 | 52.2 | 0 | none |
2 | 0.0.16.16 | 11 | 9.6 | 2 | 35, 45 |
3 | 0.0.16.0 | 6 | 5.2 | 1 | 35 |
4 | 16.16.16.16 | 5 | 4.3 | 4 | 15, 25, 35, 45 |
5 | 16.16.0.0 | 3 | 2.6 | 2 | 15, 25 |
6 | 0.0.2.2 | 3 | 2.6 | 2 | 32, 42 |
7 | 0.0.0.16 | 3 | 2.6 | 1 | 45 |
8 | 0.2.0.0 | 2 | 1.7 | 1 | 22 |
9 | 0.16.0.0 | 2 | 1.7 | 1 | 25 |
10 | 2.2.0.0 | 2 | 1.7 | 2 | 12, 22 |
11 | 8.8.2.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 14, 24, 32 |
12 | 88.80.88.24 | 1 | 0.9 | 10 | 17, 15, 14, 25, 27, 37, 35, 34, 44, 45 |
13 | 2.2.16.20 | 1 | 0.9 | 5 | 12, 22, 35, 43, 45 |
14 | 0.0.67.1 | 1 | 0.9 | 4 | 37, 32, 31, 41 |
15 | 16.16.2.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 15, 25, 32 |
16 | 2.2.0.16 | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 12, 22, 45 |
17 | 0.8.8.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 2 | 24, 34 |
18 | 16.16.26.24 | 1 | 0.9 | 7 | 15, 25, 35, 34, 32, 44, 45 |
19 | 8.2.0.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 2 | 14, 22 |
20 | 2.2.16.16 | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 12, 22, 35, 45 |
21 | 24.24.16.24 | 1 | 0.9 | 7 | 15, 14, 24, 25, 35, 44, 45 |
22 | 0.0.0.1 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 41 |
23 | 0.0.2.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 1 | 32 |
24 | 32.0.0.16 | 1 | 0.9 | 2 | 17, 45 |
25 | 0.16.16.6 | 1 | 0.9 | 3 | 25, 35, 45 |
26 | 2.18.16.16 | 1 | 0.9 | 5 | 12, 22, 25, 35, 45 |
27 | 0.16.16.0 | 1 | 0.9 | 2 | 25, 35 |
28 | 0.0.24.24 | 1 | 0.9 | 4 | 35, 34, 44, 45 |
Total | 115 | 100 | |||
B. Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) | |||||
No. | TAC value | Frequency (N) | Percentage (%) | Missing teeth (N) | Missing tooth/teeth |
1 | 0.0.0.0 | 134 | 70.2 | 0 | None |
2 | 0.0.16.16 | 10 | 5.2 | 2 | 35, 45 |
3 | 0.0.0.16 | 6 | 3.1 | 1 | 35 |
4 | 0.0.16.0 | 5 | 2.6 | 1 | 35 |
5 | 2.2.0.0 | 5 | 2.6 | 2 | 12, 22 |
6 | 2.0.0.0 | 3 | 1.6 | 1 | 12 |
7 | 16.0.16.16 | 3 | 1.6 | 3 | 15, 35, 45 |
8 | 0.2.0.0 | 3 | 1.6 | 1 | 22 |
9 | 16.16.16.16 | 3 | 1.6 | 4 | 15, 25, 35, 45 |
10 | 16.0.0.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 1 | 15 |
11 | 16.16.0.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 2 | 15, 25 |
12 | 0.0.2.0 | 2 | 1.0 | 1 | 32 |
13 | 18.18.16.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 5 | 15, 12, 22, 25, 35 |
14 | 0.8.8.8 | 1 | 0.5 | 3 | 24, 34, 44 |
15 | 0.18.16.16 | 1 | 0.5 | 4 | 22, 25, 35, 45 |
16 | 0.64.0.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 27 |
17 | 0.0.0.1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 41 |
18 | 0.16.16.16 | 1 | 0.5 | 3 | 25, 35, 45 |
19 | 0.0.0.2 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 42 |
20 | 0.0.0.64 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 47 |
21 | 0.16.16.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 25, 35 |
22 | 2.2.8.1 | 1 | 0.5 | 4 | 12, 22, 34, 41 |
23 | 0.16.0.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 25 |
24 | 0.16.0.1 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 25, 41 |
25 | 24.0.0.0 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 15, 14 |
Total | 191 | 100 |
Non-syndromic Robin sequence (ns-RS) | Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) | Chi-square test (two-sided) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pattern |
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
P
|
Bilateral agenesis | 36/55 | 65.4% | 30/57 | 52.6% | 0.168 |
Of mandibular 2nd premolars | 11/55 | 20.0% | 10/57 | 17.5% | 0.739 |
Of maxillary lateral incisors | 4/55 | 7.3% | 6/57 | 10.5% | 0.546 |
Complete symmetry | 25/55 | 45.5% | 20/57 | 35.1% | 0.263 |
Maxillary symmetry | 17/28 | 60.7% | 12/31 | 38.7% | 0.091 |
Mandibular symmetry | 22/45 | 48.9% | 19/39 | 48.7% | 0.988 |
Tooth agenesis and cleft extent
No. | Type of cleft palate | Non-syndromic Robin sequence (ns-RS) | Non-syndromic cleft palate (ns-CP) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Soft palate: submucosal | 1 | 29 |
2 | Soft palate: incomplete | 2 | 8 |
3 | Soft palate: complete | 13 | 42 |
4 | Soft palate: complete; hard palate: submucosal | 0 | 2 |
5 | Soft palate: complete; hard palate: incomplete | 41 | 41 |
6 | Complete cleft up to incisive foramen | 26 | 49 |
7 | Unknown (cleft palate present, type unknown) | 32 | 20 |