Background
Methods
Procedures
Measures
Persistent Household Food Insecurity (PHFI)
Stress scale
Socioeconomic and demographic variables
Data analyses
Results
Variable | Status | Combined N = 232 | HIV-positive n = 89 | HIV-negative n = 143 |
X
2
(p-value)
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Stress
1
| Yes | 58.2% | 69.7% | 51.0% | 7.81 (0.004) |
No | 42.1% | 30.3% | 49.0% | ||
Persistent Household Food Insecurity (PHFI)
| PHFI | 10.8% | 20.2% | 4.9% | 13.40 (0.000) |
Not PHFI | 89.2% | 79.8% | 95.1% | ||
Spouse
| Yes | 73.7% | 62.9% | 80.4% | 8.67 (0.003) |
No | 26.3% | 37.1% | 19.6% | ||
Maternal Education (y)
| 0 | 10.3% | 16.9% | 6.3% | 14.03 (0.003) |
1–6 | 23.7% | 31.5% | 18.9% | ||
7–9 | 41.4% | 32.6% | 46.9% | ||
10–12 | 24.6% | 19.1% | 28.0% | ||
Electricity
| Yes | 81.0% | 74.2% | 85.3% | 4.44 (0.035) |
No | 19.0% | 25.8% | 14.7% | ||
Household Size
| 1–4 | 20.3% | 18.0% | 21.7% | 0.614 (0.736) |
5–6 | 37.9% | 40.4% | 36.4% | ||
> 6 | 41.8% | 41.6% | 42.0% | ||
Maternal Age (y)
| 18–24 | 27.2% | 28.1% | 26.6% | 4.60 (0.204) |
25–28 | 23.3% | 27.0% | 21.0% | ||
29–32 | 22.8% | 25.8% | 21.0% | ||
> 32 | 26.7% | 19.1% | 31.5% |
Variable | Status | Combined(N = 232)
| No Stress (%) (n = 97) | Stress (%) (n = 135) |
X
2
(p-value)
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal HIV
| Positive | 38.4% | 27.8% | 45.9% | 7.81 (0.005) |
Negative | 61.6% | 72.2% | 27.8% | ||
Persistent Household Food Insecurity (PHFI)
| PHFI | 10.8% | 4.1% | 15.6% | 7.67 (0.006) |
Not PHFI | 89.2% | 95.9% | 84.4% | ||
Spouse
| Yes | 73.7% | 71.1% | 77.3% | 1.12 (0.289) |
No | 26.3% | 28.9% | 22.7% | ||
Maternal Education (y)
| 0 | 9.8% | 9.3% | 11.1% | 0.22 (0.975) |
1–6 | 24.0% | 23.7% | 25.2% | ||
7–9 | 42.5% | 42.3% | 40.7% | ||
10–12 | 23.6% | 24.7% | 24.4% | ||
Electricity at home
| Yes | 81.0% | 84.5% | 78.5% | 1.33 (0.249) |
No | 19.0% | 15.5% | 21.5% | ||
Household Size
| 1–4 | 20.9% | 29.9% | 13.3% | 9.75 (0.008) |
5–6 | 37.9% | 32.0% | 42.2% | ||
> 6 | 41.8% | 38.1% | 44.4% | ||
Maternal Age (y)
| 18–24 | 27.2% | 28.9% | 25.9% | 1.97 (0.579) |
25–28 | 23.3% | 25.8% | 21.5% | ||
29–32 | 22.8% | 18.6% | 25.9% | ||
> 32 | 26.7% | 26.8% | 26.7% |
Category | Status | Model 1 (N = 232) OR (95% CI) | Model 2 (N = 232) OR (95% CI) | Model 3 (N = 232) OR (95% CI) | Model 4 (N = 232) OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HIV
| Positive | 2.03 *** (1.09–3.77) | -- | 2.31 *** (1.29–4.12) | -- |
Negative | Reference | -- | Reference | -- | |
Persistent Household Food Insecurity (PHFI)
| PHFI | 2.85** (0.89–9.14) | 3.55 *** (1.13–11.13) | -- | -- |
Not PHFI | Reference | Reference | -- | -- | |
HIV and PHFI
| HIV + and PHFI | -- | -- | -- | 15.35 *** (1.90–124.14) |
HIV + and not PHFI or HIV – and PHFI | -- | -- | -- | 1.67 (0.91–3.07) | |
HIV – and not PHFI | -- | -- | -- | 1.00 | |
Maternal Age
| 17–24 | 0.875 (0.39–1.98) | 0.94 (0.42–2.10) | 0.79 (0.36–1.73) | 0.89 (0.40–2.01) |
25–28 | 0.92 `(0.41–2.08) | 1.02 (0.46–2.29) | 0.83 (0.38–1.82) | 0.96 (0.42–2.15) | |
29–32 | 1.31 (0.58–2.95) | 1.38 (0.62–3.07) | 1.33 (0.61–2.90) | 1.34 (0.59–3.01) | |
32 + | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Maternal Education
| None | 0.71 (0.23–2.20) | 0.88 (0.29–2.63) | 0.75 (0.25–2.25) | 0.68 (0.21–2.13) |
Primary (1–6 y) | 0.77 (0.34–1.75) | 0.90 (0.41–2.00) | 0.77 (0.35–1.70) | 0.82 (0.36–1.84) | |
Junior Secondary (7–9 y) | 1.06 (0.52–2.14) | 1.07 (0.53–2.15) | 1.03 (0.53–2.03) | 1.08 (0.53–2.20) | |
Senior Secondary (10-12y) + | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Household Size
| 1–4 | 0.44 *** (0.20–0.97) | 0.46 *** (0.21–0.99) | 0.50** (0.24–1.03) | 0.44 *** (0.20–0.96) |
5–6 | 1.21 (0.64–2.27) | 1.23 (0.66–2.31) | 1.23 (0.67–2.25) | 1.20 (0.64–2.25) | |
> 6 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Spouse
| No | 1.10 (0.53–2.26) | 1.23 (0.61–2.49) | 1.24 (0.62–2.47) | 1.07 (0.52–2.22) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Electricity at home
| No | 1.20 (0.56–2.57) | 1.22 (0.57–2.60) | 1.39 (0.68–2.87) | 1.21 (0.56–2.60) |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |