Introduction
Reference | Subjects | Radioligand target and ligand | Brain regions evaluated | cART in HIV subjects | Findings in HIV-infected subjects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FDG | |||||
Andersen et al. 2010 [19] | 38 HIV+ asymptomatic | [18F]-FDG | Whole brain | HIV+ on cART, but median plasma HIV RNA >50 copies/ml | Reductions in the metabolic rate of glucose in the mesial frontal cortices involving the anterior cingulated cortex |
Von Gissen et al. 2000 [20] | 15 HIV+ asymptomatic 15 HIV– | [18F]-FDG Dopamine transporters and receptors | ROI: basal ganglia, thalamus, and prefrontal cortex | HIV+ on cART, but median plasma HIV RNA >50 copies/ml | Hypermetabolism in the basal ganglia associated with normal motor performance in HIV+ vs. controls |
Wang et al. 2004 [21] | 15 HIV+ (10 with HAD) 13 HIV– | [11C]-cocaine; [11C]-raclopride | ROI: basal ganglia and cerebellum | HIV+ on cART, but median plasma HIV RNA >50 copies/ml | Reduced DAT in putamen and ventral striatum in HIV+ with HAD vs. HIV– |
Chang et al. 2008 [22] | 35 HIV+ asymptomatic 14 HIV– | [11C]-cocaine; [11C]-raclopride | ROI: basal ganglia and cerebellum | HIV+ on cART, but only 9 HIV+ patients with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml | Reduced dopaminergic function with lower DAT in putamen and caudate in HIV+. Lower DAT in putamen associated with poorer cognitive function |
Aβ42-amyloid | |||||
Ances et al. 2010 [23] | 10 HIV+ asymptomatic 20 HIV– | [11C]-PiB | ROI: prefrontal, lateral temporal, precuneus, and gyrus rectus | No information on HIV+ on cART but median plasma HIV RNA >50 copies/ml | No evidence of fibrillar Aβ42-amyloid amyloid deposition |
Ances et al. 2012 [24] | 16 HIV+ (5 with HAND; 11 asymptomatic) 19 HIV– (8 asymptomatic, 9 with AD) | [11C]-PiB | ROI: prefrontal, lateral temporal, precuneus, and gyrus rectus | No information on HIV+ on cART but median plasma HIV RNA >50 copies/ml | No evidence of fibrillar Aβ42-amyloid amyloid deposition vs. HIV– and AD |
Turner et al. 2016 [25] | 1 HIV-positive with HAND (case report) | [18F]-florbetaben | Whole brain | HIV on cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml | Mild hypermetabolism in bilateral basal ganglia, and marked hypometabolism of parietal including the posterior cingulate and precuneus |
TSPO | |||||
Wiley et al. 2006 [26] | 12 HIV+ (6 with HAND; 6 asymptomatic) 5 HIV– controls | [11C] PK11195 | >10 ROI | All on cART, 9 out 12 HIV+ with detectable plasma viremia | No differences in ligand binding between HIV+ and controls |
Hammoud et al. 2005 [27] | 15 HIV+ (10 with HAND; 3 with HAD; 5 asymptomatic) 5 HIV– controls | [11C]-PK11195 | 8 cortical regions one white matter | 7 HIV+ on cART, 3 cART naive | Higher ligand binding in: thalamus, putamen, temporal, frontal, and occipital lobe In HIV+ with NCI, and in HIV+ individuals overall when compared to controls |
Garvey et al. 2013 [28] | 9 HIV+ asymptomatic 8 HIV– controls | [11C]-PK11195 | >10 template derived ROI | Not described | Higher ligand binding in: Corpus callosum, anterior, posterior cingulate, frontal and temporal lobe in HIV+ asymptomatic compared to controls |
Coughlin et al. 2014 [29] | 23 HIV+ (8 asymptomatic; 15 with HAND; 8 with HAD) 12 HIV– controls | [11C]-DPA-713 | >10 ROI | All on cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml | Higher ligand binding in white matter, frontal cortex, cingulate cortex and supramarginal gyrus in HIV+ with HAND vs. HIV– |
Vera et al. (2016) [18] | 12 HIV+ asymptomatic 10 HIV– controls | [11C]-PBR28 | Whole brain, and >10 region of interest | All on cART with plasma HIV RNA <50 copies/ml | Higher ligand binding globally, with greatest signal in the parietal, occipital globes, and the globus pallidus. TSPO binding associated with white matter abnormalities on DTI MRI in HIV+ vs. HIV. |