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Inflammation Research
Erschienen in: Inflammation Research 4/2021

19.02.2021 | COVID-19 | Review Zur Zeit gratis

Pharmacological mechanism of immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19 infection

verfasst von: Zahra Bahari, Zohreh Jangravi, Hassan Ghoshooni, Mohammad Reza Afarinesh, Gholam Hossein Meftahi

Erschienen in: Inflammation Research | Ausgabe 4/2021

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Abstract

Objective

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a world-wide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, treatment of severe COVID-19 is far from clear. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an effective option for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Most patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit markedly increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β. Immunotherapeutic strategies have an important role in the suppression of cytokine storm and respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19.

Methods

A systematic search in the literature was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar preprint database using all available MeSH terms for Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, anti-rheumatoid agents, COVID-19, cytokine storm, immunotherapeutic drugs, IFN, interleukin, JAK/STAT inhibitors, MCP, MIP, TNF.

Results

Here, we first review common complications of COVID-19 patients, particularly neurological symptoms. We next explain host immune responses against COVID-19 particles. Finally, we summarize the existing experimental and clinical immunotherapeutic strategies, particularly anti-rheumatoid agents and also plasma (with a high level of gamma globulin) therapy for severe COVID-19 patients. We discuss both their therapeutic effects and side effects that should be taken into consideration for their clinical application.

Conclusion

It is suggested that immunosuppressants, such as anti-rheumatoid drugs, could be considered as a potential approach for the treatment of cytokine storm in severe cases of COVID-19. One possible limitation of immunosuppressant therapy is their inhibitory effects on host anti-viral immune response. So, the appropriate timing of administration should be carefully considered.
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Metadaten
Titel
Pharmacological mechanism of immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19 infection
verfasst von
Zahra Bahari
Zohreh Jangravi
Hassan Ghoshooni
Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
Gholam Hossein Meftahi
Publikationsdatum
19.02.2021
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Schlagwort
COVID-19
Erschienen in
Inflammation Research / Ausgabe 4/2021
Print ISSN: 1023-3830
Elektronische ISSN: 1420-908X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-021-01445-2

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