Phase II clinical study of modified FOLFOX7 (intermittent oxaliplatin administration) plus bevacizumab in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer—CRAFT study
Purpose Continuous treatment with FOLFOX therapy is associated with peripheral nerve toxicity, and to improve this inconvenient side effect various methods of administration are being investigated. A regimen of intermittent oxaliplatin administration by continuous infusion therapy, i.e., modified FOLFOX7 (mFOLFOX7) + bevacizumab, was designed with the goal of alleviating severe peripheral nerve disorders and hematological toxicity. A phase II clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this regimen. Methods Previously untreated patients were assigned to mFOLFOX7 (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2, levofolinate [l-LV] 200 mg/m2, 5-fluorouracil [5-FU] 2400 mg/m2) + bevacizumab (5 mg/kg) administered every 2 weeks for 8 cycles, maintenance without oxaliplatin for 8 cycles, and reintroduction of mFOLFOX7 + bevacizumab for 8 cycles or until disease progression. Progression free survival (PFS) following the first dose (PFS 1) and following reintroduction of oxaliplatin (PFS 2) were used as indices for assessing the efficacy of intermittent administration. Results Fifty-two patients were enrolled, with median age of 64 years (range, 36–74). Median PFS 1 was 11.8 months (95 % confidence interval [CI], 9.5 to 13.7), median time to treatment failure was 10.3 months (95 % CI, 5.6 to 12.1), percentage of patients with neutropenia of grade 3 or higher was 7.8 %, and percentage with peripheral nerve disorders was 3.9 %. Response rate was 50 %, and 84.4 % of patients who started modified simplified LV5FU2 + bevacizumab were reintroduced to oxaliplatin. Conclusion By excluding 5-FU bolus administration and administering bevacizumab continuously the mFOLFOX7 + bevacizumab regimen with preplanned withdrawal of oxaliplatin showed high tolerability and prevented severe peripheral neuropathy and neutropenia without reducing efficacy.
Introduction
In the 1980s, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin (LV) was the standard recommended first-line therapy for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) [1, 2]. Since then, irinotecan and oxaliplatin have been developed, and 5-FU/LV/oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) [3‐5] and 5-FU/LV/irinotecan (FOLFIRI) [6] are now recommended in the NCCN Guidelines in addition to 5-FU/LV therapy. Hurwitz et al. reported prolonged survival by combining bevacizumab with irinotecan plus bolus 5-FU (IFL) [7], and combinations of chemotherapy with several molecular targeting agents are now currently recommended in the NCCN Guidelines and in the guidelines from other countries. Prolonged survival as an additive effect of molecular targeting agents has been reported in first-line therapy with 5-FU/LV plus bevacizumab [8], and the additive effect of bevacizumab to an oxaliplatin-based regimen was demonstrated in the NO16966 study [9].
As described above, 5-FU/LV plus bevacizumab and FOLFOX plus bevacizumab have become established as standard, first-line therapies for unresectable mCRC. However, peripheral neuropathy and serious hematological toxicity, which are cumulative toxicities of oxaliplatin in FOLFOX, have been obstacles to continuous therapy [10]. To address this issue, oxaliplatin withdrawal (the stop-and-go concept) was systematically incorporated into the OPTIMOX1 study [11] and the OPTIMOX2 study [12] and was shown to be useful. Subsequently, a randomized phase III clinical study of bevacizumab combined with FOLFOX (the CONcePT trial) was conducted in order to validate the stop-and-go concept and to examine the incidence of peripheral neuropathy depending on the administration of calcium gluconate and magnesium sulfate (Ca/Mg formulation), with results reported at the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting in 2008 [13]. In that study, continuous administration of oxaliplatin (continuous oxaliplatin; CO) and intermittent administration of oxaliplatin (intermittent oxaliplatin; IO) were compared using modified FOLFOX7 (mFOLFOX7; oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2) plus bevacizumab. Median time to treatment failure (TTF), the primary endpoint, was 4.2 months in the CO arm and 5.6 months in the IO arm (HR, 0.58; P = 0.0025), demonstrating that the IO arm was significantly better. The incidence of peripheral neuropathy of grade 3 or higher, the rate of discontinuation of therapy due to peripheral neuropathy, and the need to delay the treatment and/or reduce dose were all lower in the IO arm. That report suggested the oxaliplatin stop-and-go concept to be favorable even when bevacizumab was combined with FOLFOX, but it has not been established as the standard of care, and the clinical question of reintroducing oxaliplatin remains.
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Therefore, we conducted the phase II CRAFT (Confirmation of Avastin and intermittent mFOLFOX7 Therapy in advanced colorectal cancer) study in order to examine the efficacy and safety of a regimen of mFOLFOX7 plus bevacizumab with intermittent oxaliplatin administration for Japanese colorectal cancer patients.
Materials and methods
This study was a multicenter phase II clinical study to examine the efficacy and safety of intermittent oxaliplatin administration in mFOLFOX7 plus bevacizumab as the first-line therapy for patients with unresectable colorectal cancer. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival 1 (PFS 1, the period from the start of the treatment to the point of first progression); secondary endpoints were time to treatment failure (TTF), response rate 1 (RR 1, the response rate during the first oxaliplatin treatment), progression-free survival 2 (PFS 2, the period from the first progression during maintenance to the second progression after reintroduction of oxaliplatin), response rate 2 (RR 2, the response rate during reintroduction of oxaliplatin following the first progression), and the safety.
Patient eligibility
Patients were entered into the study if they fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: 1) colorectal cancer was definitely diagnosed histologically; 2) the colorectal cancer was unresectable and metastatic; 3) the disease had not been treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy; 4) at least one lesion was evaluable; 5) age 20 to 79 years; 6) the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) was 0 or 1; and 7) they had sufficient bone-marrow, liver, and kidney functions. Patients were excluded if there was 1) suspicion of brain metastasis; 2) suspicion of arterial thromboembolism; 3) chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis; 4) bleeding tendencies; 5) uncontrollable peptic ulcer, hypertension, diarrhea, or infection; 6) heart disease with symptoms; or 7) pregnancy or lactation.
This study was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Studies. The scientific and ethical validity of this study was reviewed by the Ethical Review Board of each participating facility, and the study was conducted after receiving their approval. Informed consent was obtained from all enrolled patients in writing before enrollment. This study was registered with UMIN-CTR (number: UMIN000002354).
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Treatment plan and evaluation
The protocol treatment was started within 14 days after enrollment of patients who were determined to be eligible. On day 1, bevacizumab 5 mg/kg was administered by initial 90-min intravenous infusion (which could be shortened to 60 min at the second time and to 30 min from the third time), then oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 and levofolinate (l-LV) 200 mg/m2 were administered by 120-min intravenous infusion, 5-FU 2400 mg/m2 was administered by 46-h (days 1–2) continuous intravenous infusion, with 12 days of drug withdrawal thereafter. These 14 days constituted 1 cycle, and cycles 1–8 were conducted (block A). Thereafter, 8 cycles (cycles 9–16) were conducted without oxaliplatin (block B). Then oxaliplatin was reintroduced for 8 cycles (block C), so that a total of 24 cycles was administered as the protocol treatment (Fig. 1). Protocol treatment was continued as long as it did not conflict with the criteria for discontinuing treatment. However, the following cases were defined as the end of protocol treatment:
Fig. 1
Chemotherapy regimens
(1)
The 24 cycles (block A followed by block B and then block C) prescribed in the protocol had been completed. However, if progressive disease (PD) was confirmed before the completion of 8 cycles in block B, the end of protocol was defined as the end of block C following reintroduction of oxaliplatin.
(2)
The patient became operable as a result of the efficacy of treatment (with the day of surgery defined as the end of protocol treatment).
×
Computerized tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed every 8 weeks during the protocol treatment, counting from the day of enrollment, in order to measure and evaluate target lesions, evaluate non-target lesions, and check for the appearance of new lesions. Image assessment by CT/MRI or other method was also permitted as necessary. If the tumor site was measured by a method other than CT/MRI, the tumor was evaluated before treatment and the same method was continued until PD. As a rule, CT/MRI was also conducted using the same measurement method and the same slice thickness as used in examination at baseline. Evaluation of tumor reduction was according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST, version 1.1).
Adverse events were evaluated by the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE v3.0) in all enrolled patients who received the protocol treatment at least once. The frequency and grade of the most serious clinical findings and laboratory test values in each cycle were tabulated. Patients were observed carefully for previously reported typical adverse drug reactions to bevacizumab and oxaliplatin, including hemorrhage, thrombosis, gastrointestinal perforation, increased blood pressure, hemotoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy.
Definition of endpoints
In this study, the following definitions were used to assess therapeutic effect: PFS 1 (Fig. 2) is the period from the day of enrollment to the confirmation of PD or death from any cause, whichever comes first; TTF is the period from the day of enrollment until the date of discontinuation of treatment, the date of PD confirmation, or the date of death, whichever comes first; RR 1 is the percentage of patients whose best overall response is either CR or PR; PFS 2 (Fig. 2) is the period from the date of first PD during modified simplified LV5FU2 (msLV5FU2) plus bevacizumab to the date of confirmation of PD (second PD after the day of enrollment) after reintroduction of mFOLFOX7 plus bevacizumab, or the date of death from any cause is confirmed, whichever comes first; RR 2 is the response rate during reintroduction of oxaliplatin following the first PD.
Fig. 2
Definition of progression free survival. PFS 2: first PD designated as starting point
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Statistical determination of target sample size
In the NO16966 study [9], a phase III clinical study of FOLFOX4 or capecitabine/oxaliplatin (XELOX) with/without bevacizumab, the median PFS by on-treatment analysis excluding PD cases from at least 29 days after the final administration of the study drug was 10.4 months. In the PACCE trial [14], a phase III clinical study conducted to confirm the additive effect of panitumumab to FOLFOX plus bevacizumab, the median PFS for FOLFOX plus bevacizumab was 11.2 months. Therefore, the threshold PFS in this study was assumed to be 7 months considering PFS in the phase III study of FOLFOX4 [15], and the anticipated PFS was set at 10.5 months. Level of significance was 0.05, power was 80 %, and the required number of cases determined by using the Southwest Oncology Group’s one-arm survival design (https://doi.org/www.swogstat.org/statoolsout.html) was 42 patients. The target number of cases in this study was 50 patients, considering a dropout rate of 10 %.
Analysis plan
PFS and TTF survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method, median survival time was calculated, and the two-sided 95 % confidence interval was calculated.
As for the response rate, antitumor effect (overall effect) was compiled for patients with measurable lesions among the per protocol set (PPS). Exact confidence interval based on binomial distribution was used for the interval estimation.
Results
Patient characteristics
Fifty-two patients from 18 institutions were enrolled from February 2009 to June 2010. Four out of the 52 patients were excluded as subjects of the efficacy analysis due to ineligibility after enrollment; therefore, the efficacy analysis was conducted with 48 patients. The safety analysis set included 51 patients, all enrolled patients who received the protocol treatment at least once. Data cutoff was May 2011, and the median observation period was 9.3 months. Baseline patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Median age was 64 years (36–74), male/female ratio was 32/20, colon cancer/rectal cancer ratio was 25/27, and ECOG PS 0/1 ratio was 43/9.
Table 1
Baseline patient characteristics
Characteristics
n
Enrolled
52
Sex
Male
32
Female
20
Age, years median (range)
64 (36–74)
ECOG performance status
0
43
1
9
Primary site
Colon
25
Rectum
27
Histological type
tub1
5
tub2
36
por
5
muc
1
sig
2
ecc
1
Miscellaneous carcinoma
2
Site of metastasis
Liver
34
Lung
21
Lymph node
12
Peritoneum
5
Surgery
Yes
26
No
26
ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
tub1 well differentiated type tubular adenocarcinoma
tub2 moderately differentiated type tubular adenocarcinoma
por poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma
muc mucinous adenocarcinoma
sig signet-ring cell carcinoma
ecc endocrine cell carcinoma
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Treatment status
The study profile of protocol treatment is shown in Fig. 3. Of the 52 patients enrolled, 48 started the protocol treatment. The completion rate of block A treatment was 70.8 % (34/48). The breakdown of the 14 patients who discontinued treatment during block A was adverse events in 7 cases, PD in 4 cases, withdrawal of consent in 1 case, and other reasons in 2 cases. In addition, 1 patient deviated from protocol by continuing the treatment, and 1 patient discontinued due to hepatectomy after completing block A.
Fig. 3
Study profile
×
The rate of completion of block B treatment was 78.1 % (25/32). The breakdown of the seven patients who discontinued treatment during block B was PD in four cases, adverse event in one case, withdrawal of consent in one case, and hepatectomy in one case. A total of six patients with confirmed PD—three who discontinued block B and three who completed block B—were moved to block C as stipulated in the protocol. In addition, one patient discontinued due to withdrawal of consent after completing block B.
The rate of completion of block C treatment was 59.3 % (16/27). The breakdown of the 11 patients who discontinued treatment during block C was PD in eight cases, adverse events in two cases, and withdrawal of consent in one case.
The protocol completion rate was 33.3 % (16/48), and median TTF was 10.3 months (95 % confidence interval [CI], 5.6 to 12.1) (Fig. 4a).
Fig. 4
a Kaplan-Meier estimate of time to treatment failure. b Kaplan-Meier estimate of progression free survival
×
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The percentage of patients reintroduced to oxaliplatin at movement from block B to block C was 84.4 % (27/32).
Relative dose intensity in each treatment block was ≥89 % for 5-FU and l-LV, ≥86 % for bevacizumab, and ≥96 % for oxaliplatin (blocks A and C).
Efficacy
The median PFS 1, was 11.8 months (95 % CI, 9.5 to 13.7) (Fig. 4b). The secondary endpoint RR 1 was 50 % (23/46) in the 46 patients who were evaluable by RECIST. The maximum rate of tumor reduction at the time of best overall response during the protocol treatment was −91 % (range, +126.0 to −91.0 %). There were six patients to whom PFS 2 and RR 2 were applicable after oxaliplatin reintroduction as patients with first PD during or immediately after block B treatment. The median PFS 2 and RR 2 were 4.2 months (95 % CI, 2.8 to 23.5) and 0 % (0/6), with three cases of stable disease (SD) and three cases of PD. Exploratory analysis showed median survival time to be 25.4 months (95 % CI, 18.5 to 35.2).
Safety
The main adverse drug reactions of grade 3 or higher in the 51 patients of the safety analysis set were neutropenia 7.8 % (four patients), peripheral neuropathy 3.9 % (two patients), hypertension 3.9 % (two patients), venous thromboembolism 3.9 % (two patients), and allergic reaction 2.0 % (one patient). Grade 4 adverse drug reactions were neutropenia, decreased hemoglobin, and ileus, each 2.0 % (one patient each). In addition, gastrointestinal perforation and clinically significant hemorrhage or proteinuria of grade 3 or higher, which are characteristic of bevacizumab, were not observed (Table 2). Total allergic reactions observed were 9.8 % (5/51 patients), which led to discontinuation of protocol treatment in three cases. Discontinuation of protocol due to peripheral neuropathy occurred in one case.
Table 2
Frequency of common toxicities (n = 51: maximum toxicity per patient)
Adverse event
All grades n (%)
Grade 3
Grade 4
≥ Grade 3 (%)
Hematological
Leukopenia
14 (27.5)
1
0
(2.0)
Neutropenia
16 (31.4)
3
1
(7.8)
Thrombocytopenia
13 (25.5)
0
0
(0)
Anemia
45 (88.2)
0
1
(2.0)
Non-hematological
Peripheral neuropathy
22 (43.1)
2
0
(3.9)
Allergic reaction
5 (9.8)
1
0
(2.0)
Hypertension
14 (27.5)
2
0
(3.9)
Proteinuria
14 (27.5)
0
–
(0)
Hemorrhage
1 (2.0)
0
0
(0)
Venous thromboembolism
2 (3.9)
2
0
(3.9)
Nausea
3 (5.9)
1
0
(2.0)
Vomiting
4 (7.8)
0
0
(0)
Anorexia
3 (5.9)
1
0
(2.0)
Ileus
1 (2.0)
0
1
(2.0)
Diarrhea
1 (2.0)
1
0
(2.0)
Fatigue
1 (2.0)
1
0
(2.0)
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Discussion
This trial is the first investigational study of the oxaliplatin stop-and-go concept by a regimen of mFOLFOX7 (intermittent oxaliplatin administration) plus bevacizumab in Japanese patients with unresectable mCRC. This regimen was shown to be clinically useful for Japanese patients, with good tolerability and without impairing treatment efficacy.
Peripheral nerve disorders due to the cumulative toxicity of oxaliplatin are an obstacle to continuing FOLFOX. Therefore, a preplanned withdrawal of oxaliplatin for a period of 8 cycles was set in this study. In order to reduce hematological toxicity, mFOLFOX7 plus bevacizumab without 5-FU bolus administration was used, with bevacizumab co-administered with msLV5FU2 during the oxaliplatin withdrawal period.
Chemotherapy plus bevacizumab is recommended in the guidelines of various countries as the first-line therapy for unresectable mCRC. Comparing the therapeutic effects of different regimens in phase III studies with PFS as the primary endpoint, in the NO16966 study, PFS was 9.4 months in the FOLFOX4 plus bevacizumab group and was 9.3 months in the XELOX plus bevacizumab group [16], while in the HORIZON III study PFS in the mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab group was 10.3 months [17]. PFS in this study was 11.8 months, which is comparable to the results of those phase III studies. PFS in the intermittent administration group of the CONcePT trial [13] which preceded this study was 12.0 months, a similar result. Okita et al. [18] conducted mFOLFOX6 (intermittent oxaliplatin administration) plus bevacizumab by the stop-and-go concept with Japanese patients as subjects, and the secondary endpoint PFS was 12.8 months, which is similar to the results of this study.
Preplanned withdrawal of oxaliplatin is one treatment strategy against peripheral neuropathy due to cumulative oxaliplatin toxicity. Peripheral nerve disorders of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 18 % of the FOLFOX4 plus bevacizumab group in the NO16966 study [19] and in 10 % of the mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab group in the HORIZON III study [17], but were substantially lower in this study at 3.9 %. Furthermore, peripheral neuropathy of grade 3 or 4 also occurred in 10 % of patients in the intermittent administration groups in the CONcePT trial [13] and in the study reported by Okita et al. [18]. Therefore, the regimen of this study was very well tolerated by Japanese patients.
With respect to hematological toxicity, the incidence of neutropenia of grade 3 or 4 was 40 % in the FOLFOX4 plus bevacizumab group in the NO16966 study [19] and 24 % in the mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab group in the HORIZON III study [17], but was lower in this study at 7.8 %. Okita et al. reported the incidence of neutropenia of grade 3 or 4 to be 40 % [18], indicating that the mFOLFOX7 without bolus 5-FU regimen that we used in our study is good for keeping hematological toxicity low.
There are also some interesting study reports related to continuous oxaliplatin therapy. At the 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting, Yalcin et al. [20] compared a group that received continuous XELOX plus bevacizumab until PD with a group with preplanned withdrawal of oxaliplatin after six courses (18 weeks) of XELOX plus bevacizumab treatment and then continued on maintenance therapy of capecitabine plus bevacizumab. The primary endpoint PFS in the group that continued with capecitabine plus bevacizumab as maintenance therapy was significantly better than PFS in the group that continued with XELOX plus bevacizumab treatment until PD (capecitabine plus bevacizumab maintenance, 11.0 months [95 % CI, 9.1 to 12.9]; continuous XELOX plus bevacizumab, 8.3 months [95 % CI, 7.1 to 9.5] [P < 0.002]). This result suggests the possibility that continued oxaliplatin treatment affects not only tolerability, but also maintenance of effectiveness.
Although the usefulness of the stop-and-go concept for unresectable mCRC is becoming established, including the results of this study, issues still remain from the standpoint of risk/benefit evaluation.
In representative studies of the stop-and-go concept, OPTIMOX1 [11] and OPTIMOX2 [12], oxaliplatin was stopped 12 weeks after the start of treatment, and Yalcin et al. [20] reported stopping oxaliplatin at 18 weeks after the start of treatment, while in this study, as in the CONcePT trial [13], oxaliplatin was stopped at 16 weeks after the start of treatment, and thus there are differences between studies. Because the cumulative maximum therapeutic effect reported by Haller [21] was after about 16 weeks (8 cycles) of FOLFOX4, and the incidence of peripheral neuropathy of grade 3 or higher due to oxaliplatin also increased, a preplanned withdrawal of oxaliplatin after about 16 weeks with the cumulative dose as guide seems to be most effective, but this has not yet been established. A clinical study [22] to resolve this as well as the timing for reintroducing oxaliplatin is currently underway, and we are awaiting the results.
Acknowledgments
We thank the staff and patients of the following participating institutions: Chiba Medical Center, Chiba University, Chibaken Saiseikai Narashino Hospital, Fujita Health University Hospital, Fukaya Red Cross Hospital, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kurume University, Matsudo City Hospital, Minoh City Hospital, Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Saishukan Hospital, Saitama Medical Center, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Yokoyama Gastrointestinal Hospital, and ECRIN (Epidemiological and Clinical Research Information Network) for their support.
Conflict of interest
We declare that we have no conflicts of interest.
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Phase II clinical study of modified FOLFOX7 (intermittent oxaliplatin administration) plus bevacizumab in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer—CRAFT study
