Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Clinical Pharmacokinetics 11/2019

27.05.2019 | Review Article

Phenotyping of Human CYP450 Enzymes by Endobiotics: Current Knowledge and Methodological Approaches

verfasst von: Gaëlle Magliocco, Aurélien Thomas, Jules Desmeules, Youssef Daali

Erschienen in: Clinical Pharmacokinetics | Ausgabe 11/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Drug response is subject to an important within- and between-individual variability owing, mainly, to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors. Pharmacokinetics includes metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP450), major enzymes of phase I reactions that are responsible for the biotransformation of around 60% of the currently approved drugs. CYP450 activity and/or expression are influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as drug–drug interactions or genetic polymorphisms. Present phenotyping strategies with xenobiotics used to assess CYP450 activity could be replaced by less invasive procedures using endogenous CYP450 biomarkers. In this work, we review existing knowledge on endobiotics and their ability to characterise variability of the CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A enzymes in humans. To date, it appears that there is a lack of clinical data for the majority of the endogenous compounds described in the literature or some important limitations to allow their use in clinical practice. Additional studies are needed to fill the gap or to identify new candidates, in particular through the use of metabolomics. The use of multivariate models is also a very promising approach to enhance prediction by combining several endogenous phenotyping metrics and other covariates.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin JH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability: a daunting challenge in drug therapy. Curr Drug Metab. 2007;8:109–36.PubMed Lin JH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability: a daunting challenge in drug therapy. Curr Drug Metab. 2007;8:109–36.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilkinson GR. Drug metabolism and variability among patients in drug response. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2211–21.PubMed Wilkinson GR. Drug metabolism and variability among patients in drug response. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2211–21.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Isin EM, Guengerich FP. Complex reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1770:314–29.PubMed Isin EM, Guengerich FP. Complex reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1770:314–29.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Zanger UM, Schwab M. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138:103–41.PubMed Zanger UM, Schwab M. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;138:103–41.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116:496–526.PubMed Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116:496–526.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat McGraw J, Gerhardt A, Morris TC. Opportunities and obstacles in genotypic prediction of cytochrome P450 phenotypes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;14:659–61.PubMed McGraw J, Gerhardt A, Morris TC. Opportunities and obstacles in genotypic prediction of cytochrome P450 phenotypes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2018;14:659–61.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Faber MS, Jetter A, Fuhr U. Assessment of CYP1A2 activity in clinical practice: why, how, and when? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;97:125–34.PubMed Faber MS, Jetter A, Fuhr U. Assessment of CYP1A2 activity in clinical practice: why, how, and when? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;97:125–34.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hicks JK, Swen JJ, Gaedigk A. Challenges in CYP2D6 phenotype assignment from genotype data: a critical assessment and call for standardization. Curr Drug Metab. 2014;15:218–32.PubMed Hicks JK, Swen JJ, Gaedigk A. Challenges in CYP2D6 phenotype assignment from genotype data: a critical assessment and call for standardization. Curr Drug Metab. 2014;15:218–32.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanaka E, Kurata N, Yasuhara H. How useful is the ‘cocktail approach’ for evaluating human hepatic drug metabolizing capacity using cytochrome P450 phenotyping probes in vivo? J Clin Pharm Ther. 2003;28:157–65.PubMed Tanaka E, Kurata N, Yasuhara H. How useful is the ‘cocktail approach’ for evaluating human hepatic drug metabolizing capacity using cytochrome P450 phenotyping probes in vivo? J Clin Pharm Ther. 2003;28:157–65.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Dumond JB, Vourvahis M, Rezk NL, Patterson KB, Tien H-C, White N, et al. A phenotype-genotype approach to predicting CYP450 and P-glycoprotein drug interactions with the mixed inhibitor/inducer tipranavir/ritonavir. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87:735–42.PubMedPubMedCentral Dumond JB, Vourvahis M, Rezk NL, Patterson KB, Tien H-C, White N, et al. A phenotype-genotype approach to predicting CYP450 and P-glycoprotein drug interactions with the mixed inhibitor/inducer tipranavir/ritonavir. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87:735–42.PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibbons JA, de Vries M, Krauwinkel W, Ohtsu Y, Noukens J, van der Walt J-S, et al. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with enzalutamide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54:1057–69.PubMedPubMedCentral Gibbons JA, de Vries M, Krauwinkel W, Ohtsu Y, Noukens J, van der Walt J-S, et al. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with enzalutamide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54:1057–69.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Samer CF, Lorenzini KI, Rollason V, Daali Y, Desmeules JA. Applications of CYP450 testing in the clinical setting. Mol Diagn Ther. 2013;17:165–84.PubMedPubMedCentral Samer CF, Lorenzini KI, Rollason V, Daali Y, Desmeules JA. Applications of CYP450 testing in the clinical setting. Mol Diagn Ther. 2013;17:165–84.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosilkovska M, Samer C, Déglon J, Thomas A, Walder B, Desmeules J, et al. Evaluation of mutual drug-drug interaction within Geneva cocktail for cytochrome P450 phenotyping using innovative dried blood sampling method. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;119:284–90.PubMed Bosilkovska M, Samer C, Déglon J, Thomas A, Walder B, Desmeules J, et al. Evaluation of mutual drug-drug interaction within Geneva cocktail for cytochrome P450 phenotyping using innovative dried blood sampling method. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;119:284–90.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosilkovska M, Ing Lorenzini K, Uppugunduri CRS, Desmeules J, Daali Y, Escher M. Severe vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in a CYP3A5 nonexpressor with reduced CYP3A4/5 activity: case study. Clin Ther. 2016;38:216–20.PubMed Bosilkovska M, Ing Lorenzini K, Uppugunduri CRS, Desmeules J, Daali Y, Escher M. Severe vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in a CYP3A5 nonexpressor with reduced CYP3A4/5 activity: case study. Clin Ther. 2016;38:216–20.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bodin K, Bretillon L, Aden Y, Bertilsson L, Broomé U, Einarsson C, et al. Antiepileptic drugs increase plasma levels of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol in humans: evidence for involvement of cytochrome p450 3A4. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:38685–9.PubMed Bodin K, Bretillon L, Aden Y, Bertilsson L, Broomé U, Einarsson C, et al. Antiepileptic drugs increase plasma levels of 4beta-hydroxycholesterol in humans: evidence for involvement of cytochrome p450 3A4. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:38685–9.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu A-M, Idle JR, Byrd LG, Krausz KW, Küpfer A, Gonzalez FJ. Regeneration of serotonin from 5-methoxytryptamine by polymorphic human CYP2D6. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13:173–81.PubMed Yu A-M, Idle JR, Byrd LG, Krausz KW, Küpfer A, Gonzalez FJ. Regeneration of serotonin from 5-methoxytryptamine by polymorphic human CYP2D6. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13:173–81.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim B, Lee J, Shin K-H, Lee S, Yu K-S, Jang I-J, et al. Identification of ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines as novel urinary biomarkers for CYP3A activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;103:879–87.PubMed Kim B, Lee J, Shin K-H, Lee S, Yu K-S, Jang I-J, et al. Identification of ω- or (ω-1)-hydroxylated medium-chain acylcarnitines as novel urinary biomarkers for CYP3A activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;103:879–87.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Tay-Sontheimer J, Shireman LM, Beyer RP, Senn T, Witten D, Pearce RE, et al. Detection of an endogenous urinary biomarker associated with CYP2D6 activity using global metabolomics. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15:1947–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Tay-Sontheimer J, Shireman LM, Beyer RP, Senn T, Witten D, Pearce RE, et al. Detection of an endogenous urinary biomarker associated with CYP2D6 activity using global metabolomics. Pharmacogenomics. 2014;15:1947–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong Y, Xiao H, Wang Q, Zhang C, Liu X, Yao N, et al. Analysis of genetic variations in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A5 genes using oligonucleotide microarray. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:18917–26.PubMedPubMedCentral Dong Y, Xiao H, Wang Q, Zhang C, Liu X, Yao N, et al. Analysis of genetic variations in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A5 genes using oligonucleotide microarray. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:18917–26.PubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim B, Moon J-Y, Choi MH, Yang HH, Lee S, Lim KS, et al. Global metabolomics and targeted steroid profiling reveal that rifampin, a strong human PXR activator, alters endogenous urinary steroid markers. J Proteome Res. 2013;12:1359–68.PubMed Kim B, Moon J-Y, Choi MH, Yang HH, Lee S, Lim KS, et al. Global metabolomics and targeted steroid profiling reveal that rifampin, a strong human PXR activator, alters endogenous urinary steroid markers. J Proteome Res. 2013;12:1359–68.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin K-H, Ahn LY, Choi MH, Moon J-Y, Lee J, Jang I-J, et al. Urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio most highly correlates with midazolam clearance under hepatic CYP3A inhibition and induction in females: a pharmacometabolomics approach. AAPS J. 2016;18:1254–61.PubMed Shin K-H, Ahn LY, Choi MH, Moon J-Y, Lee J, Jang I-J, et al. Urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratio most highly correlates with midazolam clearance under hepatic CYP3A inhibition and induction in females: a pharmacometabolomics approach. AAPS J. 2016;18:1254–61.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin K-H, Choi MH, Lim KS, Yu K-S, Jang I-J, Cho J-Y. Evaluation of endogenous metabolic markers of hepatic CYP3A activity using metabolic profiling and midazolam clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94:601–9.PubMed Shin K-H, Choi MH, Lim KS, Yu K-S, Jang I-J, Cho J-Y. Evaluation of endogenous metabolic markers of hepatic CYP3A activity using metabolic profiling and midazolam clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94:601–9.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Moon J-Y, Kang SM, Lee J, Cho J-Y, Moon MH, Jang I-J, et al. GC-MS-based quantitative signatures of cytochrome P450-mediated steroid oxidation induced by rifampicin. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35:473–84.PubMed Moon J-Y, Kang SM, Lee J, Cho J-Y, Moon MH, Jang I-J, et al. GC-MS-based quantitative signatures of cytochrome P450-mediated steroid oxidation induced by rifampicin. Ther Drug Monit. 2013;35:473–84.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee J, Kim AH, Yi S, Lee S, Yoon SH, Yu K-S, et al. Distribution of exogenous and endogenous CYP3A markers and related factors in healthy males and females. AAPS J. 2017;19:1196–204.PubMed Lee J, Kim AH, Yi S, Lee S, Yoon SH, Yu K-S, et al. Distribution of exogenous and endogenous CYP3A markers and related factors in healthy males and females. AAPS J. 2017;19:1196–204.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank D, Jaehde U, Fuhr U. Evaluation of probe drugs and pharmacokinetic metrics for CYP2D6 phenotyping. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:321–33.PubMed Frank D, Jaehde U, Fuhr U. Evaluation of probe drugs and pharmacokinetic metrics for CYP2D6 phenotyping. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:321–33.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Furuta T, Suzuki A, Mori C, Shibasaki H, Yokokawa A, Kasuya Y. Evidence for the validity of cortisol 6 beta-hydroxylation clearance as a new index for in vivo cytochrome P450 3A phenotyping in humans. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2003;31:1283–7.PubMed Furuta T, Suzuki A, Mori C, Shibasaki H, Yokokawa A, Kasuya Y. Evidence for the validity of cortisol 6 beta-hydroxylation clearance as a new index for in vivo cytochrome P450 3A phenotyping in humans. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2003;31:1283–7.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Na Takuathung M, Hanprasertpong N, Teekachunhatean S, Koonrungsesomboon N. Impact of CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139:15–25.PubMed Na Takuathung M, Hanprasertpong N, Teekachunhatean S, Koonrungsesomboon N. Impact of CYP1A2 genetic polymorphisms on pharmacokinetics of antipsychotic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139:15–25.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Perera V, Gross AS, Polasek TM, Qin Y, Rao G, Forrest A, et al. Considering CYP1A2 phenotype and genotype for optimizing the dose of olanzapine in the management of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9:1115–37.PubMed Perera V, Gross AS, Polasek TM, Qin Y, Rao G, Forrest A, et al. Considering CYP1A2 phenotype and genotype for optimizing the dose of olanzapine in the management of schizophrenia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2013;9:1115–37.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuhr U, Jetter A, Kirchheiner J. Appropriate phenotyping procedures for drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in humans and their simultaneous use in the “cocktail” approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:270–83.PubMed Fuhr U, Jetter A, Kirchheiner J. Appropriate phenotyping procedures for drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in humans and their simultaneous use in the “cocktail” approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:270–83.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Claustrat B, Leston J. Melatonin: physiological effects in humans. Neurochirurgie. 2015;61:77–84.PubMed Claustrat B, Leston J. Melatonin: physiological effects in humans. Neurochirurgie. 2015;61:77–84.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeleswaram K, Vachharajani N, Santone K. Involvement of cytochrome P-450 isozymes in melatonin metabolism and clinical implications. J Pineal Res. 1999;26:190–1.PubMed Yeleswaram K, Vachharajani N, Santone K. Involvement of cytochrome P-450 isozymes in melatonin metabolism and clinical implications. J Pineal Res. 1999;26:190–1.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma X, Idle JR, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolism of melatonin by human cytochromes p450. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2005;33:489–94.PubMed Ma X, Idle JR, Krausz KW, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolism of melatonin by human cytochromes p450. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2005;33:489–94.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Demisch K, Demisch L, Nickelsen T, Rieth R. The influence of acute and subchronic administration of various antidepressants on early morning melatonin plasma levels in healthy subjects: increases following fluvoxamine. J Neural Transm. 1987;68:257–70.PubMed Demisch K, Demisch L, Nickelsen T, Rieth R. The influence of acute and subchronic administration of various antidepressants on early morning melatonin plasma levels in healthy subjects: increases following fluvoxamine. J Neural Transm. 1987;68:257–70.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Skene DJ, Bojkowski CJ, Arendt J. Comparison of the effects of acute fluvoxamine and desipramine administration on melatonin and cortisol production in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37:181–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Skene DJ, Bojkowski CJ, Arendt J. Comparison of the effects of acute fluvoxamine and desipramine administration on melatonin and cortisol production in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37:181–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Zurück zum Zitat von Bahr C, Ursing C, Yasui N, Tybring G, Bertilsson L, Röjdmark S. Fluvoxamine but not citalopram increases serum melatonin in healthy subjects: an indication that cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 hydroxylate melatonin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56:123–7. von Bahr C, Ursing C, Yasui N, Tybring G, Bertilsson L, Röjdmark S. Fluvoxamine but not citalopram increases serum melatonin in healthy subjects: an indication that cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 hydroxylate melatonin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;56:123–7.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Ursing C, von Bahr C, Brismar K, Röjdmark S. Influence of cigarette smoking on melatonin levels in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;61:197–201.PubMed Ursing C, von Bahr C, Brismar K, Röjdmark S. Influence of cigarette smoking on melatonin levels in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;61:197–201.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ursing C, Härtter S, von Bahr C, Tybring G, Bertilsson L, Röjdmark S. Does hepatic metabolism of melatonin affect the endogenous serum melatonin level in man? J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25:459–62.PubMed Ursing C, Härtter S, von Bahr C, Tybring G, Bertilsson L, Röjdmark S. Does hepatic metabolism of melatonin affect the endogenous serum melatonin level in man? J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25:459–62.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Härtter S, Ursing C, Morita S, Tybring G, von Bahr C, Christensen M, et al. Orally given melatonin may serve as a probe drug for cytochrome P450 1A2 activity in vivo: a pilot study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;70:10–6.PubMed Härtter S, Ursing C, Morita S, Tybring G, von Bahr C, Christensen M, et al. Orally given melatonin may serve as a probe drug for cytochrome P450 1A2 activity in vivo: a pilot study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;70:10–6.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Jackson PR, Tucker GT, Lennard MS, Woods HF. Polymorphic drug oxidation: pharmacokinetic basis and comparison of experimental indices. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;22:541–50.PubMedPubMedCentral Jackson PR, Tucker GT, Lennard MS, Woods HF. Polymorphic drug oxidation: pharmacokinetic basis and comparison of experimental indices. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;22:541–50.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Pratt VM, Del Tredici AL, Hachad H, Ji Y, Kalman LV, Scott SA, et al. Recommendations for clinical CYP2C19 genotyping allele selection: a report of the association for molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn. 2018;20:269–76.PubMed Pratt VM, Del Tredici AL, Hachad H, Ji Y, Kalman LV, Scott SA, et al. Recommendations for clinical CYP2C19 genotyping allele selection: a report of the association for molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn. 2018;20:269–76.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeldin DC. Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:36059–62.PubMed Zeldin DC. Epoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:36059–62.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Imig JD. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid on endothelial and vascular function. Adv Pharmacol San Diego Calif. 2016;77:105–41. Imig JD. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid on endothelial and vascular function. Adv Pharmacol San Diego Calif. 2016;77:105–41.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. Repurposing resveratrol and fluconazole to modulate human cytochrome P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism. Mol Pharm. 2016;13:1278–88.PubMed El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. Repurposing resveratrol and fluconazole to modulate human cytochrome P450-mediated arachidonic acid metabolism. Mol Pharm. 2016;13:1278–88.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Akasaka T, Sueta D, Arima Y, Tabata N, Takashio S, Izumiya Y, et al. CYP2C19 variants and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in patients with microvascular angina. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2017;15:15–20.PubMedPubMedCentral Akasaka T, Sueta D, Arima Y, Tabata N, Takashio S, Izumiya Y, et al. CYP2C19 variants and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in patients with microvascular angina. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2017;15:15–20.PubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Honkalammi J, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT. Mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2C8 by gemfibrozil occurs rapidly in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89:579–86.PubMed Honkalammi J, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT. Mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2C8 by gemfibrozil occurs rapidly in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89:579–86.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Modak AS, Klyarytska I, Kriviy V, Tsapyak T, Rabotyagova Y. The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the CYP2C19 enzyme activity evaluated by the pantoprazole-13C breath test in GERD patients: clinical relevance for personalized medicine. J Breath Res. 2016;10:046017.PubMed Modak AS, Klyarytska I, Kriviy V, Tsapyak T, Rabotyagova Y. The effect of proton pump inhibitors on the CYP2C19 enzyme activity evaluated by the pantoprazole-13C breath test in GERD patients: clinical relevance for personalized medicine. J Breath Res. 2016;10:046017.PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Rebsamen MC, Desmeules J, Daali Y, Chiappe A, Diemand A, Rey C, et al. The AmpliChip CYP450 test: cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype assessment and phenotype prediction. Pharmacogenom J. 2009;9:34–41. Rebsamen MC, Desmeules J, Daali Y, Chiappe A, Diemand A, Rey C, et al. The AmpliChip CYP450 test: cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype assessment and phenotype prediction. Pharmacogenom J. 2009;9:34–41.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Zanger UM, Raimundo S, Eichelbaum M. Cytochrome P450 2D6: overview and update on pharmacology, genetics, biochemistry. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004;369:23–37.PubMed Zanger UM, Raimundo S, Eichelbaum M. Cytochrome P450 2D6: overview and update on pharmacology, genetics, biochemistry. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2004;369:23–37.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu A, Haining RL. Comparative contribution to dextromethorphan metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoforms in vitro: can dextromethorphan be used as a dual probe for both CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities? Drug Metab Dispos. 2001;29:1514–20.PubMed Yu A, Haining RL. Comparative contribution to dextromethorphan metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoforms in vitro: can dextromethorphan be used as a dual probe for both CYP2D6 and CYP3A activities? Drug Metab Dispos. 2001;29:1514–20.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Daali Y, Cherkaoui S, Doffey-Lazeyras F, Dayer P, Desmeules JA. Development and validation of a chemical hydrolysis method for dextromethorphan and dextrophan determination in urine samples: application to the assessment of CYP2D6 activity in fibromyalgia patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;861:56–63.PubMed Daali Y, Cherkaoui S, Doffey-Lazeyras F, Dayer P, Desmeules JA. Development and validation of a chemical hydrolysis method for dextromethorphan and dextrophan determination in urine samples: application to the assessment of CYP2D6 activity in fibromyalgia patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;861:56–63.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertilsson L, Alm C, De Las CC, Widen J, Edman G, Schalling D. Debrisoquine hydroxylation polymorphism and personality. Lancet. 1989;1:555.PubMed Bertilsson L, Alm C, De Las CC, Widen J, Edman G, Schalling D. Debrisoquine hydroxylation polymorphism and personality. Lancet. 1989;1:555.PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Llerena A, Edman G, Cobaleda J, Benítez J, Schalling D, Bertilsson L. Relationship between personality and debrisoquine hydroxylation capacity. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87:23–8.PubMed Llerena A, Edman G, Cobaleda J, Benítez J, Schalling D, Bertilsson L. Relationship between personality and debrisoquine hydroxylation capacity. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993;87:23–8.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Fonne-Pfister R, Bargetzi MJ, Meyer UA. MPTP, the neurotoxin inducing Parkinson’s disease, is a potent competitive inhibitor of human and rat cytochrome P450 isozymes (P450bufI, P450db1) catalyzing debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;148:1144–50.PubMed Fonne-Pfister R, Bargetzi MJ, Meyer UA. MPTP, the neurotoxin inducing Parkinson’s disease, is a potent competitive inhibitor of human and rat cytochrome P450 isozymes (P450bufI, P450db1) catalyzing debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987;148:1144–50.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Tracy TS, Chaudhry AS, Prasad B, Thummel KE, Schuetz EG, Zhong X-B, et al. Interindividual variability in cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2016;44:343–51.PubMed Tracy TS, Chaudhry AS, Prasad B, Thummel KE, Schuetz EG, Zhong X-B, et al. Interindividual variability in cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2016;44:343–51.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Crews KR, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, Leeder JS, Klein TE, Caudle KE, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95:376–82.PubMedPubMedCentral Crews KR, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, Leeder JS, Klein TE, Caudle KE, et al. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95:376–82.PubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Cardinale GJ, Donnerer J, Finck AD, Kantrowitz JD, Oka K, Spector S. Morphine and codeine are endogenous components of human cerebrospinal fluid. Life Sci. 1987;40:301–6.PubMed Cardinale GJ, Donnerer J, Finck AD, Kantrowitz JD, Oka K, Spector S. Morphine and codeine are endogenous components of human cerebrospinal fluid. Life Sci. 1987;40:301–6.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu W, Cadet P, Baggerman G, Mantione KJ, Stefano GB. Human white blood cells synthesize morphine: CYP2D6 modulation. J Immunol Baltim Md. 1950;2005(175):7357–62. Zhu W, Cadet P, Baggerman G, Mantione KJ, Stefano GB. Human white blood cells synthesize morphine: CYP2D6 modulation. J Immunol Baltim Md. 1950;2005(175):7357–62.
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Mikus G, Bochner F, Eichelbaum M, Horak P, Somogyi AA, Spector S. Endogenous codeine and morphine in poor and extensive metabolisers of the CYP2D6 (debrisoquine/sparteine) polymorphism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;268:546–51.PubMed Mikus G, Bochner F, Eichelbaum M, Horak P, Somogyi AA, Spector S. Endogenous codeine and morphine in poor and extensive metabolisers of the CYP2D6 (debrisoquine/sparteine) polymorphism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;268:546–51.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Beck O, Borg S, Lundman A. Concentration of 5-methoxyindoles in the human pineal gland. J Neural Transm. 1982;54:111–6.PubMed Beck O, Borg S, Lundman A. Concentration of 5-methoxyindoles in the human pineal gland. J Neural Transm. 1982;54:111–6.PubMed
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirchheiner J, Henckel H-B, Franke L, Meineke I, Tzvetkov M, Uebelhack R, et al. Impact of the CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizer genotype on doxepin pharmacokinetics and serotonin in platelets. Pharmacogenet Genom. 2005;15:579–87. Kirchheiner J, Henckel H-B, Franke L, Meineke I, Tzvetkov M, Uebelhack R, et al. Impact of the CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizer genotype on doxepin pharmacokinetics and serotonin in platelets. Pharmacogenet Genom. 2005;15:579–87.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Welford RWD, Vercauteren M, Trébaul A, Cattaneo C, Eckert D, Garzotti M, et al. Serotonin biosynthesis as a predictive marker of serotonin pharmacodynamics and disease-induced dysregulation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30059.PubMedPubMedCentral Welford RWD, Vercauteren M, Trébaul A, Cattaneo C, Eckert D, Garzotti M, et al. Serotonin biosynthesis as a predictive marker of serotonin pharmacodynamics and disease-induced dysregulation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30059.PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Tang GY, Ip AK, Siu AW. Pinoline and N-acetylserotonin reduce glutamate-induced lipid peroxidation in retinal homogenates. Neurosci Lett. 2007;412:191–4.PubMed Tang GY, Ip AK, Siu AW. Pinoline and N-acetylserotonin reduce glutamate-induced lipid peroxidation in retinal homogenates. Neurosci Lett. 2007;412:191–4.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu A-M, Idle JR, Herraiz T, Küpfer A, Gonzalez FJ. Screening for endogenous substrates reveals that CYP2D6 is a 5-methoxyindolethylamine O-demethylase. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13:307–19.PubMed Yu A-M, Idle JR, Herraiz T, Küpfer A, Gonzalez FJ. Screening for endogenous substrates reveals that CYP2D6 is a 5-methoxyindolethylamine O-demethylase. Pharmacogenetics. 2003;13:307–19.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang X-L, Shen H-W, Yu A-M. Pinoline may be used as a probe for CYP2D6 activity. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2009;37:443–6.PubMed Jiang X-L, Shen H-W, Yu A-M. Pinoline may be used as a probe for CYP2D6 activity. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2009;37:443–6.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Sychev DA, Zastrozhin MS, Smirnov VV, Grishina EA, Savchenko LM, Bryun EA. The correlation between CYP2D6 isoenzyme activity and haloperidol efficacy and safety profile in patients with alcohol addiction during the exacerbation of the addiction. Pharmacogenom Pers Med. 2016;9:89–95. Sychev DA, Zastrozhin MS, Smirnov VV, Grishina EA, Savchenko LM, Bryun EA. The correlation between CYP2D6 isoenzyme activity and haloperidol efficacy and safety profile in patients with alcohol addiction during the exacerbation of the addiction. Pharmacogenom Pers Med. 2016;9:89–95.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Sychev DA, Zastrozhin MS, Miroshnichenko II, Baymeeva NV, Smirnov VV, Grishina EA, et al. Genotyping and phenotyping of CYP2D6 and CYP3A isoenzymes in patients with alcohol use disorder: correlation with haloperidol plasma concentration. Drug Metab Pers Ther. 2017;32:129–36.PubMed Sychev DA, Zastrozhin MS, Miroshnichenko II, Baymeeva NV, Smirnov VV, Grishina EA, et al. Genotyping and phenotyping of CYP2D6 and CYP3A isoenzymes in patients with alcohol use disorder: correlation with haloperidol plasma concentration. Drug Metab Pers Ther. 2017;32:129–36.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Sager JE, Lutz JD, Foti RS, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. Fluoxetine- and norfluoxetine-mediated complex drug-drug interactions: in vitro to in vivo correlation of effects on CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95:653–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Sager JE, Lutz JD, Foti RS, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. Fluoxetine- and norfluoxetine-mediated complex drug-drug interactions: in vitro to in vivo correlation of effects on CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95:653–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu Y-T, Hao H-P, Liu C-X, Wang G-J, Xie H-G. Drugs as CYP3A probes, inducers, and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39:699–721.PubMed Liu Y-T, Hao H-P, Liu C-X, Wang G-J, Xie H-G. Drugs as CYP3A probes, inducers, and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev. 2007;39:699–721.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Wojnowski L, Kamdem LK. Clinical implications of CYP3A polymorphisms. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2006;2:171–82.PubMed Wojnowski L, Kamdem LK. Clinical implications of CYP3A polymorphisms. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2006;2:171–82.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Hohmann N, Haefeli WE, Mikus G. CYP3A activity: towards dose adaptation to the individual. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12:479–97.PubMed Hohmann N, Haefeli WE, Mikus G. CYP3A activity: towards dose adaptation to the individual. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2016;12:479–97.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Thelen K, Dressman JB. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism in the human gut wall. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;61:541–58.PubMed Thelen K, Dressman JB. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism in the human gut wall. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;61:541–58.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Galteau MM, Shamsa F. Urinary 6beta-hydroxycortisol: a validated test for evaluating drug induction or drug inhibition mediated through CYP3A in humans and in animals. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;59:713–33.PubMed Galteau MM, Shamsa F. Urinary 6beta-hydroxycortisol: a validated test for evaluating drug induction or drug inhibition mediated through CYP3A in humans and in animals. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;59:713–33.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Mao J, Martin I, McLeod J, Nolan G, van Horn R, Vourvahis M, et al. Perspective: 4β-hydroxycholesterol as an emerging endogenous biomarker of hepatic CYP3A. Drug Metab Rev. 2017;49:18–34.PubMed Mao J, Martin I, McLeod J, Nolan G, van Horn R, Vourvahis M, et al. Perspective: 4β-hydroxycholesterol as an emerging endogenous biomarker of hepatic CYP3A. Drug Metab Rev. 2017;49:18–34.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Ged C, Rouillon JM, Pichard L, Combalbert J, Bressot N, Bories P, et al. The increase in urinary excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol as a marker of human hepatic cytochrome P450IIIA induction. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;28:373–87.PubMedPubMedCentral Ged C, Rouillon JM, Pichard L, Combalbert J, Bressot N, Bories P, et al. The increase in urinary excretion of 6 beta-hydroxycortisol as a marker of human hepatic cytochrome P450IIIA induction. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;28:373–87.PubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Abel SM, Back DJ. Cortisol metabolism in vitro: III. Inhibition of microsomal 6 beta-hydroxylase and cytosolic 4-ene-reductase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993;46:827–32.PubMed Abel SM, Back DJ. Cortisol metabolism in vitro: III. Inhibition of microsomal 6 beta-hydroxylase and cytosolic 4-ene-reductase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1993;46:827–32.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Peng C-C, Templeton I, Thummel KE, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. Evaluation of 6β-hydroxycortisol, 6β-hydroxycortisone, and a combination of the two as endogenous probes for inhibition of CYP3A4 in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89:888–95.PubMedPubMedCentral Peng C-C, Templeton I, Thummel KE, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N. Evaluation of 6β-hydroxycortisol, 6β-hydroxycortisone, and a combination of the two as endogenous probes for inhibition of CYP3A4 in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89:888–95.PubMedPubMedCentral
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen Y-C, Gotzkowsky SK, Nafziger AN, Kulawy RW, Rocci ML, Bertino JS, et al. Poor correlation between 6beta-hydroxycortisol:cortisol molar ratios and midazolam clearance as measure of hepatic CYP3A activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:187–95.PubMedPubMedCentral Chen Y-C, Gotzkowsky SK, Nafziger AN, Kulawy RW, Rocci ML, Bertino JS, et al. Poor correlation between 6beta-hydroxycortisol:cortisol molar ratios and midazolam clearance as measure of hepatic CYP3A activity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:187–95.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Shibasaki H, Hosoda K, Goto M, Suzuki A, Yokokawa A, Ishii K, et al. Intraindividual and interindividual variabilities in endogenous cortisol 6β-hydroxylation clearance as an index for in vivo CYP3A phenotyping in humans. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2013;41:475–9.PubMed Shibasaki H, Hosoda K, Goto M, Suzuki A, Yokokawa A, Ishii K, et al. Intraindividual and interindividual variabilities in endogenous cortisol 6β-hydroxylation clearance as an index for in vivo CYP3A phenotyping in humans. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2013;41:475–9.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee C. Urinary 6βP-hydroxycortisol in humans: analysis, biological variations, and reference ranges. Clin Biochem. 1995;28:49–54.PubMed Lee C. Urinary 6βP-hydroxycortisol in humans: analysis, biological variations, and reference ranges. Clin Biochem. 1995;28:49–54.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Joellenbeck L, Qian Z, Zarba A, Groopman JD. Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratios measured by high-performance liquid chromatography for use as a biomarker for the human cytochrome P-450 3A4. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 1992;1:567–72. Joellenbeck L, Qian Z, Zarba A, Groopman JD. Urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol ratios measured by high-performance liquid chromatography for use as a biomarker for the human cytochrome P-450 3A4. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 1992;1:567–72.
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohno M, Yamaguchi I, Ito T, Saiki K, Yamamoto I, Azuma J. Circadian variation of the urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol to cortisol ratio that would reflect hepatic CYP3A activity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;55:861–5.PubMed Ohno M, Yamaguchi I, Ito T, Saiki K, Yamamoto I, Azuma J. Circadian variation of the urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol to cortisol ratio that would reflect hepatic CYP3A activity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;55:861–5.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu Z-Y, Zhao Y-S, Wu D, Cheng Z-N. Endogenous cortisol 6 beta-hydroxylation clearance is not an accurate probe for overall cytochrome P450 3A phenotyping in humans. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2009;408:92–7. Hu Z-Y, Zhao Y-S, Wu D, Cheng Z-N. Endogenous cortisol 6 beta-hydroxylation clearance is not an accurate probe for overall cytochrome P450 3A phenotyping in humans. Clin Chim Acta Int J Clin Chem. 2009;408:92–7.
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Hassan R, Ameen SS, Al Maruf A, Nandini A, Tabin H, Ahmed MU, et al. Genotype-phenotype variability in human CYP3A locus in Nepalese people residing in Bangladesh. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;51:207–14.PubMed Hassan R, Ameen SS, Al Maruf A, Nandini A, Tabin H, Ahmed MU, et al. Genotype-phenotype variability in human CYP3A locus in Nepalese people residing in Bangladesh. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;51:207–14.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo X, Zheng L, Cai N, Liu Q, Yang S, He X, et al. Evaluation of 6β-hydroxycortisol and 6β-hydroxycortisone as biomarkers for cytochrome P450 3A activity: insight into their predictive value for estimating oral immunosuppressant metabolism. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104:3578–86.PubMed Luo X, Zheng L, Cai N, Liu Q, Yang S, He X, et al. Evaluation of 6β-hydroxycortisol and 6β-hydroxycortisone as biomarkers for cytochrome P450 3A activity: insight into their predictive value for estimating oral immunosuppressant metabolism. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104:3578–86.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasichayanula S, Boulton DW, Luo W-L, Rodrigues AD, Yang Z, Goodenough A, et al. Validation of 4β-hydroxycholesterol and evaluation of other endogenous biomarkers for the assessment of CYP3A activity in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78:1122–34.PubMedPubMedCentral Kasichayanula S, Boulton DW, Luo W-L, Rodrigues AD, Yang Z, Goodenough A, et al. Validation of 4β-hydroxycholesterol and evaluation of other endogenous biomarkers for the assessment of CYP3A activity in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;78:1122–34.PubMedPubMedCentral
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Luo X, Li X, Hu Z, Cheng Z. Evaluation of CYP3A activity in humans using three different parameters based on endogenous cortisol metabolism. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30:1323–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Luo X, Li X, Hu Z, Cheng Z. Evaluation of CYP3A activity in humans using three different parameters based on endogenous cortisol metabolism. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009;30:1323–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Woolsey SJ, Beaton MD, Choi Y-H, Dresser GK, Gryn SE, Kim RB, et al. Relationships between endogenous plasma biomarkers of constitutive cytochrome P450 3A activity and single-time-point oral midazolam microdose phenotype in healthy subjects. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;118:284–91.PubMed Woolsey SJ, Beaton MD, Choi Y-H, Dresser GK, Gryn SE, Kim RB, et al. Relationships between endogenous plasma biomarkers of constitutive cytochrome P450 3A activity and single-time-point oral midazolam microdose phenotype in healthy subjects. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016;118:284–91.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Seidegård J, Dahlström K, Kullberg A. Effect of grapefruit juice on urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol excretion. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1998;25:379–81.PubMed Seidegård J, Dahlström K, Kullberg A. Effect of grapefruit juice on urinary 6 beta-hydroxycortisol/cortisol excretion. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1998;25:379–81.PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Abel SM, Maggs JL, Back DJ, Park BK. Cortisol metabolism by human liver in vitro: I. Metabolite identification and inter-individual variability. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1992;43:713–9.PubMed Abel SM, Maggs JL, Back DJ, Park BK. Cortisol metabolism by human liver in vitro: I. Metabolite identification and inter-individual variability. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1992;43:713–9.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Diczfalusy U, Miura J, Roh H-K, Mirghani RA, Sayi J, Larsson H, et al. 4Beta-hydroxycholesterol is a new endogenous CYP3A marker: relationship to CYP3A5 genotype, quinine 3-hydroxylation and sex in Koreans, Swedes and Tanzanians. Pharmacogenet Genom. 2008;18:201–8. Diczfalusy U, Miura J, Roh H-K, Mirghani RA, Sayi J, Larsson H, et al. 4Beta-hydroxycholesterol is a new endogenous CYP3A marker: relationship to CYP3A5 genotype, quinine 3-hydroxylation and sex in Koreans, Swedes and Tanzanians. Pharmacogenet Genom. 2008;18:201–8.
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Gebeyehu E, Engidawork E, Bijnsdorp A, Aminy A, Diczfalusy U, Aklillu E. Sex and CYP3A5 genotype influence total CYP3A activity: high CYP3A activity and a unique distribution of CYP3A5 variant alleles in Ethiopians. Pharmacogenom J. 2011;11:130–7. Gebeyehu E, Engidawork E, Bijnsdorp A, Aminy A, Diczfalusy U, Aklillu E. Sex and CYP3A5 genotype influence total CYP3A activity: high CYP3A activity and a unique distribution of CYP3A5 variant alleles in Ethiopians. Pharmacogenom J. 2011;11:130–7.
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Hole K, Gjestad C, Heitmann KM, Haslemo T, Molden E, Bremer S. Impact of genetic and nongenetic factors on interindividual variability in 4β-hydroxycholesterol concentration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73:317–24.PubMed Hole K, Gjestad C, Heitmann KM, Haslemo T, Molden E, Bremer S. Impact of genetic and nongenetic factors on interindividual variability in 4β-hydroxycholesterol concentration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;73:317–24.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Diczfalusy U, Kanebratt KP, Bredberg E, Andersson TB, Böttiger Y, Bertilsson L. 4β-Hydroxycholesterol as an endogenous marker for CYP3A4/5 activity: stability and half-life of elimination after induction with rifampicin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;67:38–43.PubMedPubMedCentral Diczfalusy U, Kanebratt KP, Bredberg E, Andersson TB, Böttiger Y, Bertilsson L. 4β-Hydroxycholesterol as an endogenous marker for CYP3A4/5 activity: stability and half-life of elimination after induction with rifampicin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;67:38–43.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Björkhem-Bergman L, Bäckström T, Nylén H, Rönquist-Nii Y, Bredberg E, Andersson TB, et al. Comparison of endogenous 4β-hydroxycholesterol with midazolam as markers for CYP3A4 induction by rifampicin. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2013;41:1488–93.PubMed Björkhem-Bergman L, Bäckström T, Nylén H, Rönquist-Nii Y, Bredberg E, Andersson TB, et al. Comparison of endogenous 4β-hydroxycholesterol with midazolam as markers for CYP3A4 induction by rifampicin. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2013;41:1488–93.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomalik-Scharte D, Lütjohann D, Doroshyenko O, Frank D, Jetter A, Fuhr U. Plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol: an endogenous CYP3A metric? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;86:147–53.PubMed Tomalik-Scharte D, Lütjohann D, Doroshyenko O, Frank D, Jetter A, Fuhr U. Plasma 4beta-hydroxycholesterol: an endogenous CYP3A metric? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;86:147–53.PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Slaunwhite WR, Karsay MA, Hollmer A, Sandberg AA, Niswander K. Fetal liver as an endocrine tissue. Steroids. 1965;2:211–21. Slaunwhite WR, Karsay MA, Hollmer A, Sandberg AA, Niswander K. Fetal liver as an endocrine tissue. Steroids. 1965;2:211–21.
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Cresteil T, Beaune P, Kremers P, Flinois JP, Leroux JP. Drug-metabolizing enzymes in human foetal liver: partial resolution of multiple cytochromes P 450. Pediatr Pharmacol (N Y). 1982;2:199–207. Cresteil T, Beaune P, Kremers P, Flinois JP, Leroux JP. Drug-metabolizing enzymes in human foetal liver: partial resolution of multiple cytochromes P 450. Pediatr Pharmacol (N Y). 1982;2:199–207.
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens JC, Hines RN, Gu C, Koukouritaki SB, Manro JR, Tandler PJ, et al. Developmental expression of the major human hepatic CYP3A enzymes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;307:573–82.PubMed Stevens JC, Hines RN, Gu C, Koukouritaki SB, Manro JR, Tandler PJ, et al. Developmental expression of the major human hepatic CYP3A enzymes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003;307:573–82.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller KKM, Cai J, Ripp SL, Pierce WM, Rushmore TH, Prough RA. Stereo- and regioselectivity account for the diversity of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) metabolites produced by liver microsomal cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2004;32:305–13.PubMed Miller KKM, Cai J, Ripp SL, Pierce WM, Rushmore TH, Prough RA. Stereo- and regioselectivity account for the diversity of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) metabolites produced by liver microsomal cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2004;32:305–13.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakashima T, Sano A, Seto Y, Nakajima T, Shima T, Sakamoto Y, et al. Unusual trihydroxy bile acids in the urine of patients treated with chenodeoxycholate, ursodeoxycholate or rifampicin and those with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1990;11:255–60.PubMed Nakashima T, Sano A, Seto Y, Nakajima T, Shima T, Sakamoto Y, et al. Unusual trihydroxy bile acids in the urine of patients treated with chenodeoxycholate, ursodeoxycholate or rifampicin and those with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1990;11:255–60.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Wietholtz H, Marschall HU, Sjövall J, Matern S. Stimulation of bile acid 6 alpha-hydroxylation by rifampin. J Hepatol. 1996;24:713–8.PubMed Wietholtz H, Marschall HU, Sjövall J, Matern S. Stimulation of bile acid 6 alpha-hydroxylation by rifampin. J Hepatol. 1996;24:713–8.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Back P. Phenobarbital-induced alterations of bile acid metabolism in cases of intrahepatic cholestasis. Klin Wochenschr. 1982;60:541–9.PubMed Back P. Phenobarbital-induced alterations of bile acid metabolism in cases of intrahepatic cholestasis. Klin Wochenschr. 1982;60:541–9.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Bodin K, Lindbom U, Diczfalusy U. Novel pathways of bile acid metabolism involving CYP3A4. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1687:84–93.PubMed Bodin K, Lindbom U, Diczfalusy U. Novel pathways of bile acid metabolism involving CYP3A4. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005;1687:84–93.PubMed
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes MA, Li X-Q, Grönberg G, Diczfalusy U, Andersson TB. CYP3A specifically catalyzes 1β-hydroxylation of deoxycholic acid: characterization and enzymatic synthesis of a potential novel urinary biomarker for CYP3A activity. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2016;44:1480–9.PubMed Hayes MA, Li X-Q, Grönberg G, Diczfalusy U, Andersson TB. CYP3A specifically catalyzes 1β-hydroxylation of deoxycholic acid: characterization and enzymatic synthesis of a potential novel urinary biomarker for CYP3A activity. Drug Metab Dispos Biol Fate Chem. 2016;44:1480–9.PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Hahn TJ, Hendin BA, Scharp CR, Boisseau VC, Haddad JG. Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels and bone mass in children on chronic anticonvulsant therapy. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:550–4. Hahn TJ, Hendin BA, Scharp CR, Boisseau VC, Haddad JG. Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels and bone mass in children on chronic anticonvulsant therapy. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:550–4.
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Brodie MJ, Boobis AR, Dollery CT, Hillyard CJ, Brown DJ, MacIntyre I, et al. Rifampicin and vitamin D metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1980;27:810–4.PubMed Brodie MJ, Boobis AR, Dollery CT, Hillyard CJ, Brown DJ, MacIntyre I, et al. Rifampicin and vitamin D metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1980;27:810–4.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Pascussi JM, Robert A, Nguyen M, Walrant-Debray O, Garabedian M, Martin P, et al. Possible involvement of pregnane X receptor-enhanced CYP24 expression in drug-induced osteomalacia. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:177–86.PubMedPubMedCentral Pascussi JM, Robert A, Nguyen M, Walrant-Debray O, Garabedian M, Martin P, et al. Possible involvement of pregnane X receptor-enhanced CYP24 expression in drug-induced osteomalacia. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:177–86.PubMedPubMedCentral
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu Y, Hashizume T, Shuhart MC, Davis CL, Nelson WL, Sakaki T, et al. Intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 catalyze hydroxylation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): implications for drug-induced osteomalacia. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;69:56–65.PubMed Xu Y, Hashizume T, Shuhart MC, Davis CL, Nelson WL, Sakaki T, et al. Intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 catalyze hydroxylation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): implications for drug-induced osteomalacia. Mol Pharmacol. 2006;69:56–65.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Z, Lin YS, Zheng XE, Senn T, Hashizume T, Scian M, et al. An inducible cytochrome P450 3A4-dependent vitamin D catabolic pathway. Mol Pharmacol. 2012;81:498–509.PubMedPubMedCentral Wang Z, Lin YS, Zheng XE, Senn T, Hashizume T, Scian M, et al. An inducible cytochrome P450 3A4-dependent vitamin D catabolic pathway. Mol Pharmacol. 2012;81:498–509.PubMedPubMedCentral
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Z, Schuetz EG, Xu Y, Thummel KE. Interplay between vitamin D and the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:54–8.PubMed Wang Z, Schuetz EG, Xu Y, Thummel KE. Interplay between vitamin D and the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2013;136:54–8.PubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Hawkes CP, Li D, Hakonarson H, Meyers KE, Thummel KE, Levine MA. CYP3A4 Induction by rifampin: an alternative pathway for vitamin D inactivation in patients with CYP24A1 mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1440–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Hawkes CP, Li D, Hakonarson H, Meyers KE, Thummel KE, Levine MA. CYP3A4 Induction by rifampin: an alternative pathway for vitamin D inactivation in patients with CYP24A1 mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1440–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Z, Lin YS, Dickmann LJ, Poulton E-J, Eaton DL, Lampe JW, et al. Enhancement of hepatic 4-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 through CYP3A4 induction in vitro and in vivo: implications for drug-induced osteomalacia. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:1101–16.PubMedPubMedCentral Wang Z, Lin YS, Dickmann LJ, Poulton E-J, Eaton DL, Lampe JW, et al. Enhancement of hepatic 4-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 through CYP3A4 induction in vitro and in vivo: implications for drug-induced osteomalacia. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:1101–16.PubMedPubMedCentral
115.
Zurück zum Zitat McPartland JM, Giuffrida A, King J, Skinner E, Scotter J, Musty RE. Cannabimimetic effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005;105:283–91.PubMed McPartland JM, Giuffrida A, King J, Skinner E, Scotter J, Musty RE. Cannabimimetic effects of osteopathic manipulative treatment. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005;105:283–91.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Phenotyping of Human CYP450 Enzymes by Endobiotics: Current Knowledge and Methodological Approaches
verfasst von
Gaëlle Magliocco
Aurélien Thomas
Jules Desmeules
Youssef Daali
Publikationsdatum
27.05.2019
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Clinical Pharmacokinetics / Ausgabe 11/2019
Print ISSN: 0312-5963
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-1926
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-019-00783-z

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2019

Clinical Pharmacokinetics 11/2019 Zur Ausgabe