Within demographic change, generations are gradually becoming older on average. Whether the gained years of life can be spent independently and, above all, in a self-determined manner heavily depends on one component: health. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health from a holistic point of view and explains with the concept of
Healthy Aging a process of developing and stabilizing functionality for realizing individual well-being in old age (WHO,
2015). At the same time, however, the WHO construct indicates that there may be inequalities or unequal distributions for individuals within and between various determinants. For example, residents of resource-poor regions or settings are more likely to be affected by multimorbidity, especially those with a low socioeconomic status (Beard et al.,
2016). Demographic changes are coupled with “cultural and social perceptions of the age structure” (Zrinščak & Lawrence,
2014, p. 313) and also likely to result in an increase of various age-related diseases, which is why approaches to reduce (multi-)morbidity are becoming more and more important. The current state of scientific research points to numerous advantages of physical activity in old age and over the course of life, and in particular calls for avoiding a sedentary lifestyle. Internationally the epidemiological evidence for the positive correlation of physical activity in old age with the prevention and reduction of chronic diseases, the improvement of the functional and psychological status as well as the increase of well-being and social participation is evaluated as sufficient, in some cases even as strong (Bauman, Merom, Bull, Buchner, & Fiatarone Singh,
2016). Overall, there has been emerging evidence in various disciplines that regular exercise maintain or improve well-being, self-efficacy and subjectively perceived everyday competence at an age when critical life events, such as the death of a partner or a change in the living situation, can usually lead to a reduction in successful coping strategies (Bauman et al.,
2016; Chad et al.,
2005; Chodzko-Zajko et al.,
2009). Content for the design of health promotion programmes for older adults must therefore be framed by three central target dimensions: social participation, mental health and individual lifestyle. These goals can be achieved through multidisciplinary networks of actors in the living environment of the target group (Strümpel & Billings,
2008).
In particular, it is worthwhile to take a look at the possibilities for people in need of care to access physical activity offerings. Expert standards for the mobility in care emphasize the important mediating role of care in the promotion of physical activity in the respective living environment—whether in inpatient or outpatient settings (DNQP,
2020). Of the 3.41 million people in need of care
1 in Germany, more than 80% are older than 65 and 35% are older than 85 (Destatis,
2018). About 73% are cared for in their own homes. The statistics do not include people who can no longer manage their daily lives completely independently due to various impairments, but who have not made use of care services yet. According to recent estimates, there are as many as 5.4 million people in Germany in need of care and assistance (Jacobs, Kuhlmey, Greß, Klauber, & Schwinger,
2020; Nowossadeck,
2018). Dependency on external help, physical and cognitive impairments, and mobility reductions burden a large proportion of older adults and affect their ability to perform activities of daily living (Dechamps et al.,
2010; Hoppe,
2018). A reduced number of social contacts or little social support in old age often cause a reduction in outdoor activities and thus a reduction in physical and cognitive activity, which, for example, lead to an increased risk of (repeated) falls (Trevisan et al.,
2019). The higher the degree of care dependency, the higher the daily challenges of the family caregivers, who in many cases are also in a higher age (Nowossadeck,
2018). Family caregivers experience diverse burdens, and yet they are rarely in the public attention. When developing health-promoting offerings for older adults in need of care, the different life situations and needs of the involved stakeholders should therefore be considered because they determine whether and how participation at a physical activity offer can take place (Wolter & Hampel,
2020). Low-threshold access with focus on the individual, social and spatial/structural dimensions seems to be of particular importance for participation and involvement of older target groups and is defined by the fact that the offer does not exclude anyone in its framework conditions and does not require any specific skills in advance (Spicker & Lang,
2011). Finally, social and spatial environments determine (perceived) barriers and therefore opportunities to strengthen individual resources and enable healthy ageing (Beard et al.,
2016). Group based programmes guided by a qualified exercise trainer, in best practice assisted by a health care professional or care volunteer, give high motivation for less active older adults and convince with its provided social interaction to participate permanently (Balis, Strayer, Ramalingam, Wilson, & Harden,
2019). All these aspects challenge social policy and social work programmes (Zrinščak & Lawrence,
2014). A neighbourhood or living space gains particular strength through the establishment of networking structures that are as diverse as possible, address the needs of the residents and allow them to participate. A co-operation of local actors, e.g. educational, sports or outpatient rehabilitation facilities, social and nursing services as well as doctors, offers a very good opportunity to address different target groups across the life course and at the same time to bundle the resources and competences of those involved (BMFSFJ,
2016; Zrinščak & Lawrence,
2014). Interestingly, local sports clubs are repeatedly mentioned as competent partners (BMG,
2009), in municipal practice—possibly due to very different basic structures to the system of care—they receive less attention.
Questions that arise at this stage: (1) Which aspects need to be looked at when starting and stabilizing a local co-operation of sports clubs and partners in care? and (2) What benefits and limits perceive sports clubs in these co-operations?