Background
Methods
Study population
Measurements
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Physical examinations
Physical activity
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Biological samples
Cardiovascular risk score
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive characteristic of the study sample
Characteristic | All | Boys | Girls |
Pvalue |
---|---|---|---|---|
Group 2 to 6 years | n = 994 | n = 524 | n = 470 | |
Age, years | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 0.226 |
Body mass, kg | 18.3 ± 3.5 | 18.5 ± 3.5 | 18.0 ± 3.4 | 0.011 |
Height, cm | 107.2 ± 7.4 | 107.8 ± 7.4 | 106.6 ± 7.5 | 0.011 |
BMI, kg/m2a
| 15.8 ± 1.7 | 15.9 ± 1.6 | 15.7 ± 1.8 | 0.170 |
Sum of two skinfolds, mma
| 16.5 ± 5.0 | 15.3 ±54.3 | 17.7 ± 5.3 | <0.001b
|
DBP, mmHg | 62.1 ± 6.2 | 62.0 ± 6.1 | 62.2 ± 6.3 | 0.617 |
SBP, mmHg | 97.4 ± 8.4 | 97.7 ± 8.5 | 97.1 ± 8.2 | 0.238 |
Glucose, mmol/l | 4.51 ± 0.51 | 4.55 ± 0.54 | 4.46 ± 0.48 | 0.010 |
Insulin, pmol/la
| 22.64 ± 18.47 | 21.39 ± 17.36 | 24.10 ± 19.52 | 0.011 |
HOMA-IRa
| 0.68 ± 0.62 | 0.65 ± 0.57 | 0.72 ± 0.66 | 0.011 |
Cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.02 ± 0.73 | 3.99 ± 0.72 | 4.06 ± 0.74 | 0.127 |
HDL-c, mmol/l | 1.23 ± 0.34 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | 1.19 ± 0.35 | 0.001b
|
Triglycerides, mmol/l | 0.46 ± 0.25 | 0.45 ± 0.23 | 0.48 ± 0.28 | 0.188 |
Light PA, min/daya
| 395 ± 65 | 400 ± 65 | 390 ± 66 | 0.019 |
Moderate PA, min/daya
| 31 ± 16 | 34 ± 17 | 27 ± 14 | <0.001b
|
Vigorous PA, min/daya
| 5 ± 5 | 6 ± 6 | 5 ± 5 | 0.281 |
MVPA, min/daya
| 36 ± 20 | 39 ± 21 | 32 ± 17 | <0.001b
|
Total PA, cpm | 598 ± 174 | 627 ± 179 | 565 ± 162 | <0.001b
|
CVD risk score CRFs | 0.02 ± 2.74 | 0.01 ± 2.70 | 0.03 ± 2.77 | 0.879 |
Group 6 to 9 years | n = 2,025 | n = 1,038 | n = 987 | |
Age, years | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 7.6 ± 0.8 | 0.926 |
Body mass, kg | 27.7 ± 6.7 | 28.0 ± 6.9 | 27.5 ± 6.3 | 0.088 |
Height, cm | 127.5 ± 7.3 | 128.2 ± 7.4 | 126.9 ± 7.3 | <0.001b
|
BMI, kg/m2a
| 16.9 ± 2.9 | 16.9 ± 3.0 | 16.9 ± 2.8 | 0.618 |
Sum of two skinfolds, mma
| 19.8 ± 9.5 | 18.3 ± 9.2 | 21.4 ± 9.2 | 0.070 |
DBP, mmHg | 64.2 ± 6.5 | 64.0 ± 6.7 | 64.5 ± 6.3 | 0.018 |
SBP, mmHg | 103.2 ± 8.7 | 103.7 ± 8.7 | 102.8 ± 8.6 | 0.070 |
Glucose: mmol/l | 4.81 ± 0.52 | 4.88 ± 0.52 | 4.75 ± 0.49 | <0.001b
|
Insulin, pmol/la
| 35.84 ± 24.65 | 33.41 ± 22.43 | 38.34 ± 24.93 | <0.001b
|
HOMA-IRa
| 1.13 ± 0.83 | 1.07 ± 0.77 | 1.20 ± 0.84 | <0.001b
|
Cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.19 ± 0.83 | 4.11 ± 0.77 | 4.28 ± 0.84 | <0.001b
|
HDL-c, mmol/l | 1.40 ± 0.38 | 1.42 ± 0.39 | 1.38 ± 0.37 | 0.016 |
Triglycerides, mmol/l | 0.47 ± 0.26 | 0.45 ± 0.24 | 0.49 ± 0.29 | <0.001b
|
Light PA, min/daya
| 364 ± 64 | 364 ± 63 | 364 ± 17 | 0.940 |
Moderate PA, min/daya
| 35 ± 17 | 41 ± 19 | 30 ± 12 | <0.001b
|
Vigorous PA, min/daya
| 8 ± 6 | 8 ± 6 | 7 ± 8 | 0.001b
|
MVPA, min/daya
| 43 ± 22 | 49 ± 23 | 37 ± 18 | <0.001b
|
Total PA, cpm | 581 ± 169 | 609 ± 175 | 553 ± 157 | <0.001b
|
Cardiorespiratory fitness, ml/kg/minc
| 41.7 ± 14.5 | 42.2 ± 14.3 | 41.3 ± 13.8 | 0.01 |
Stages (total number) | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | <0.001b
|
CVD risk score CRFs | 0.13 ± 3.11 | 0.09 ± 3.03 | 0.18 ± 3.19 | 0.501 |
CVD risk score CRFs + fitc
| −0.28 ± 3.26 | −0.26 ± 3.016 | −0.31 ± 3.36 | 0.775 |
Correlations
Differences in mean Z score by quintiles of PA
Likelihood for metabolic risk
Group | Quintile | Total PA | Moderate PA | Vigorous PA | MVPA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Boys (2 to 6 years) | |||||||||
n = 524 | Q1 |
2.58
|
1.07 to 6.18
| 1.26 | 0.55 to 2.88 | 1.23 | 0.46 to 3.26 | 1.39 | 0.56 to 3.45 |
Q2 | 1.59 | 0.65 to 3.91 | 1.27 | 0.57 to 2.83 |
2.91
|
1.25 to 6.82
| 2.21 | 0.95 to 5.15 | |
Q3 | 1.31 | 0.55 to 3.16 | 1.17 | 0.51 to 2.66 | 1.98 | 0.79 to 4.93 | 1.98 | 0.85 to 4.58 | |
Q4 | 2.21 | 0.98 to 4.98 | 1.23 | 0.56 to 2.69 | 2.14 | 0.89 to 5.15 | 1.62 | 0.68 to 3.85 | |
Q5 (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Girls (2 to 6 years) | |||||||||
n = 470 | Q1 | 1.03 | 0.43 to 2.47 | 0.77 | 0.32 to 1.85 | 2.54 | 0.88 to 7.29 | 1.23 | 0.48 to 3.17 |
Q2 | 0.76 | 0.32 to 1.85 | 0.80 | 0.33 to 1.93 | 2.71 | 0.96 to 7.70 | 1.18 | 0.45 to 3.08 | |
Q3 | 0.81 | 0.34 to 1.90 | 0.69 | 0.29 to 1.67 | 1.68 | 0.55 to 5.15 | 1.26 | 0.50 to 3.13 | |
Q4 | 0.72 | 0.31 to 1.63 | 0.67 | 0.28 to 1.62 | 2.29 | 0.82 to 6.37 | 1.20 | 0.48 to 2.98 | |
Q5 (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Boys (6 to 9 years) | |||||||||
n = 1,038 | Q1 |
3.26
|
1.74 to 6.10
|
3.58
|
1.95 to 6.55
|
3.82
|
2.05 to 7.16
|
3.77
|
2.04 to 6.96
|
Q2 | 1.70 | 0.89 to 3.25 | 1.38 | 0.75 to 2.53 |
2.70
|
1.45 to 5.14
|
1.98
|
1.04 to 3.77
| |
Q3 |
2.00
|
1.06 to 3.79
| 1.29 | 0.70 to 2.38 |
2.01
|
1.04 to 3.89
| 1.32 | 0.67 to 2.59 | |
Q4 | 1.10 | 0.55 to 2.20 | 0.50 | 0.24 to 1.06 | 1.78 | 0.88 to 3.59 | 1.23 | 0.61 to 2.46 | |
Q5 (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Girls (6 to 9 years) | |||||||||
n = 987 | Q1 | 1.72 | 0.90 to 3.30 |
2.54
|
1.33 to 4.86
|
2.49
|
1.37 to 4.52
|
2.95
|
1.55 to 5.61
|
Q2 |
2.47
|
1.34 to 4.56
|
2.78
|
1.46 to 5.24
|
1.90
|
1.03 to 3.50
|
2.70
|
1.43 to 5.10
| |
Q3 |
1.87
|
1.01 to 3.45
|
2.44
|
1.29 to 4.62
| 1.78 | 0.94 to 3.39 |
2.11
|
1.11 to 4.12
| |
Q4 | 1.31 | 0.69 to 2.51 | 1.13 | 0.56 to 2.28 | 1.18 | 0.59 to 2.34 | 1.27 | 0.64 to 2.52 | |
Q5 (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Group | Quintile | Total PA | Moderate PA | Vigorous PA | MVPA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Boys (6 to 9 years) | |||||||||
n = 414 | Q1 |
3.36
|
1.17 to 9.64
|
5.40
|
2.05 to 14.20
|
2.69
|
1.06 to 6.80
|
4.36
|
1.62 to 11.71
|
Q2 | 1.61 | 0.61 to 4.21 | 2.05 | 0.76 to 5.58 | 1.65 | 0.66 to 4.16 | 2.38 | 0.91 to 6.23 | |
Q3 | 1.91 | 0.79 to 4.61 | 2.00 | 0.75 to 5.31 | 1.15 | 0.44 to 2.99 | 2.06 | 0.78 to 5.48 | |
Q4 | 0.95 | 0.36 to 2.48 | 1.16 | 0.42 to 3.20 | 0.73 | 0.26 to 2.04 | 1.29 | 0.47 to 3.56 | |
Q5 (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Girls (6 to 9 years) | |||||||||
n = 421 | Q1 | 2.20 | 0.68 to 7.16 |
3.70
|
1.21 to 11.29
|
5.88
|
2.20 to 15.76
|
5.95
|
1.86 to 19.05
|
Q2 |
4.07
|
1.66 to 9.98
|
4.46
|
1.69 to 11.77
|
2.85
|
1.02 to 7.96
|
7.05
|
2.47 to 20.15
| |
Q3 |
2.94
|
1.29 to 6.70
|
5.34
|
2.12 to 13.42
| 1.87 | 0.64 to 5.51 |
5.23
|
1.81 to 15.13
| |
Q4 | 1.59 | 0.65 to 3.93 | 1.88 | 0.66 to 5.38 | 1.84 | 0.63 to 5.36 | 3.46 | 1.17 to 10.26 | |
Q5 (reference) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Quintiles by group | Total PA | Moderate PA | Vigorous PA | MVPA | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Counts/min
|
SD
|
Range
|
Min/day
|
SD
|
Range
|
Min/day
|
SD
|
Range
|
Min/day
|
SD
|
Range
| |
Boys (2 to 6 years) | ||||||||||||
Q1 | 389.6 | 59.7 | 187.2 to 470.9 | 13.3 | 4.1 | 1.3 to 18.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 to 1.5 | 14.9 | 4.6 | 1.3 to 21.3 |
Q2 | 525.2 | 28.2 | 470.9 to 572.0 | 22.9 | 2.2 | 18.8 to 26.3 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 1.7 to 3.0 | 25.9 | 2.4 | 21.7 to 29.8 |
Q3 | 616.4 | 24.9 | 572.4 to 659.6 | 31.0 | 2.7 | 26.5 to 35.6 | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.3 to 4.7 | 35.3 | 2.9 | 30.3 to 39.8 |
Q4 | 708.8 | 31.6 | 659.8 to 765.8 | 41.2 | 3.8 | 35.7 to 47.7 | 6.2 | 1.1 | 4.8 to 8.5 | 48.1 | 4.7 | 40.3 to 57.2 |
Q5 (reference) | 893.7 | 97.5 | 769.0 to 1,239.8 | 61.1 | 11.1 | 48.0 to 115.7 | 14.7 | 6.3 | 8.7 to 37.7 | 73.2 | 13.2 | 57.3 to 141.0 |
Girls (2 to 6 years) | ||||||||||||
Q1 | 357.3 | 58.2 | 173.9 to 428.2 | 10.1 | 3.0 | 14.8 to 21.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 to 1.4 | 11.3 | 3.6 | 3.3 to 16.7 |
Q2 | 473.2 | 24 | 432.8 to 516.2 | 18.2 | 2.1 | 22.0 to 29.7 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 1.6 to 2.8 | 21.5 | 2.5 | 17.0 to 25.3 |
Q3 | 548.5 | 19.7 | 516.7 to 582.4 | 25.7 | 2.1 | 29.8 to 38.0 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 3.0 to 4.8 | 30.0 | 2.7 | 25.8 to 34.3 |
Q4 | 637.4 | 32.4 | 584.1 to 693.4 | 33.7 | 2.4 | 38.3 to 77.7 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 5.0 to 7.8 | 39.9 | 3.0 | 35.0 to 45.3 |
Q5 (reference) | 806.7 | 103 | 694.8 to 1,210.6 | 47.9 | 9.2 | 24.7 to 34.3 | 12.2 | 6.0 | 8.0 to 58.3 | 57.8 | 11.7 | 45.3 to 107.0 |
Boys (6 to 9 years) | ||||||||||||
Q1 | 383.5 | 60.6 | 165.4 to 461.4 | 17.5 | 5.2 | 3.0 to 24.3 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 to 2.8 | 20.3 | 6.2 | 3.0 to 28.5 |
Q2 | 507.6 | 24.7 | 461.4 to 548.2 | 29.7 | 2.8 | 24.7 to 34.3 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 3.0 to 4.9 | 34.8 | 3.4 | 28.7 to 40.3 |
Q3 | 594.4 | 24.3 | 548.6 to 635.8 | 38.2 | 2.4 | 34.3 to 42.6 | 6.1 | 0.8 | 5.0 to 7.6 | 45.4 | 3.1 | 40.6 to 50.8 |
Q4 | 690.3 | 34.4 | 635.9 to 752.7 | 48.2 | 3.5 | 42.7 to 54.5 | 9.9 | 1.3 | 7.8 to 12.3 | 57.4 | 4.5 | 51.0 to 65.8 |
Q5 (reference) | 871.1 | 99.9 | 753.2 to 1,258.7 | 69.3 | 12.3 | 54.8 to 115.0 | 18.3 | 5.8 | 12.3 to 42.0 | 84.6 | 15.4 | 66.3 to 137.5 |
Girls (6 to 9 years) | ||||||||||||
Q1 | 354.3 | 52.6 | 123.1 to 414.0 | 12.6 | 3.7 | 1.3 to 17.8 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 to 2.4 | 15.0 | 4.6 | 1.3 to 21.8 |
Q2 | 459.1 | 24.5 | 414.7 to 499.5 | 21.3 | 2.0 | 18.3 to 24.6 | 3.3 | 0.5 | 2.6 to 4.2 | 26.0 | 2.6 | 21.8 to 30.0 |
Q3 | 538.6 | 21.9 | 499.8 to 575.7 | 28.2 | 2.1 | 24.8 to 31.8 | 5.3 | 0.7 | 4.3 to 6.5 | 34.3 | 2.4 | 30.3 to 38.7 |
Q4 | 621.0 | 28.9 | 575.7 to 677.9 | 36.2 | 2.8 | 32.0 to 41.3 | 8.5 | 1.1 | 6.7 to 10.7 | 45.0 | 3.3 | 39.2 to 51.3 |
Q5 (reference) | 789.9 | 97.7 | 680.7 to 1,198.9 | 52.5 | 9.4 | 41.7 to 103.5 | 17.3 | 5.9 | 11.3 to 46.3 | 66.4 | 13.1 | 53.1 to 131.5 |