Background
Methods
Study population
Outcome
Physical activity
Definition of correlates
Biological factors
Height and weight
Body mass index (BMI)
Status of puberty
Siblings
Parental BMI
Social factors of the parents
Parental education
Household income
Behavioral factors
Consumption of TV and PC
Method of arriving at school
Sports club membership
Time outdoors
Environmental factors
Seasons
Neighborhood
Psychological factors
Emotional symptoms
Statistical analysis
Dependent variables
| Moderate PA in summer |
Moderate PA in winter | |
Vigorous PA in summer | |
Vigorous PA in winter | |
Independent variables
|
Biological
|
Sex | |
BMI | |
Puberty | |
Siblings | |
BMI of mother | |
BMI of father | |
Social
| |
Parental education | |
Parental income | |
Behavioral
| |
TV/PC consumpion | |
Method of arriving at school | |
Sports club membership | |
time outdoors | |
Environmental
| |
Neighborhood | |
Psychological
| |
Emotional symptoms |
Results
Descriptive results
Total (n 3840) | Boys (n 1997) | Girls (n 1843) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | p-Value*
| |||
Outcome
| ||||||
Physical activity
a
(per week)
| ||||||
Summer
|
Light
| < 6 h | 26.3 | 27.6 | 24.9 | 0.0569 |
6 – 14 h | 44.7 | 44.8 | 44.6 | |||
> 14 h | 29.0 | 27.6 | 30.6 | |||
Moderate
| < 5 h | 30.3 | 28.4 | 32.5 | 0.0113 | |
5 – 9 h | 34.5 | 34.7 | 34.4 | |||
> 9 h | 35.1 | 36.9 | 33.2 | |||
Vigorous
| < 4 h | 36.5 | 26.2 | 47.5 | <.0001 | |
4 – 6 h | 35.3 | 37.8 | 32.7 | |||
> 6 h | 28.2 | 36.0 | 19.8 | |||
Winter
|
Light
| < 5 h | 28.4 | 28.7 | 28.1 | 0.8874 |
5 – 11 h | 45.8 | 45.7 | 45.9 | |||
> 11 h | 25.8 | 25.6 | 26.1 | |||
Moderate
| < 3 h | 28.5 | 26.9 | 30.3 | 0.0175 | |
3 – 6 h | 42.6 | 42.5 | 42.6 | |||
> 6 h | 28.9 | 30.6 | 27.1 | |||
Vigorous
| < 3 h | 33.8 | 27.7 | 40.4 | <.0001 | |
3 – 4 h | 33.2 | 32.6 | 33.8 | |||
> 4 h | 33.1 | 39.7 | 25.9 | |||
Biological
| ||||||
BMI
b
| Underweight | 8.7 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 0.6698 | |
Normal weight | 82.3 | 81.9 | 82.8 | |||
Overweight | 6.6 | 6.7 | 6.5 | |||
Obese | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.1 | |||
Start of puberty
| yes | 29.9 | 12.2 | 49.0 | <.0001 | |
Siblings
| yes | 87.9 | 87.7 | 88.1 | 0.6928 | |
Parental BMI
c
|
Mother
| Underweight | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 0.4895 |
Normal weight | 70.0 | 69.7 | 70.3 | |||
Overweight | 19.6 | 20.4 | 18.8 | |||
Obese | 7.9 | 7.4 | 8.3 | |||
Father
| Underweight | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2545 | |
Normal weight | 43.6 | 44.3 | 42.8 | |||
Overweight | 45.2 | 44.6 | 46.0 | |||
Obese | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.2 | |||
Social
| ||||||
Parental education
d
| Low | 5.9 | 6.5 | 5.3 | 0.2067 | |
Moderate | 26.0 | 26.5 | 25.4 | |||
High | 68.1 | 67.0 | 69.3 | |||
Household income
e
| Low | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 0.2522 | |
Moderate | 22.7 | 23.6 | 21.7 | |||
High | 70.9 | 69.7 | 72.2 | |||
Behavioral
| ||||||
TV/PC (per day)
|
Summer
| < 1 h | 68.0 | 64.3 | 72.0 | <.0001 |
1 – 2 h | 30.4 | 33.6 | 26.8 | |||
> 2 h | 1.6 | 2.1 | 1.2 | |||
Winter
| < 1 h | 32.6 | 29.6 | 35.8 | <.0001 | |
1 – 2 h | 56.4 | 57.6 | 55.1 | |||
> 2 h | 11.0 | 12.8 | 9.1 | |||
Method of arriving school
f
| Active | 65.6 | 66.6 | 64.6 | 0.3355 | |
Passive | 26.6 | 25.6 | 27.7 | |||
Mixed | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.8 | |||
Membership of a sports club
| yes | 85.1 | 86.8 | 83.3 | 0.0021 | |
Time Outdoors (h per day)
| ||||||
Summer
| < 3 h | 11.5 | 10.7 | 12.4 | 0.2373 | |
3 – 5 h | 68.4 | 69.3 | 67.4 | |||
> 5 h | 20.1 | 20.0 | 20.2 | |||
Winter
| < 2 h | 30.3 | 27.6 | 33.2 | 0.0002 | |
2 – 3 h | 60.7 | 62.2 | 59.0 | |||
> 3 h | 9.1 | 10.2 | 7.8 | |||
Psychological
| ||||||
Emotional Symptoms
g
| Normal | 82.7 | 83.2 | 83.2 | 0.3519 | |
Borderline | 7.4 | 6.8 | 8.1 | |||
Abnormal | 9.8 | 10.0 | 9.7 |
Munich (n 2075) | Leipzig (n 319) | Bad Honnef (n 161) | Wesel (n 1285) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | % | p-Value*
| |||
Physical activity
a
(per week)
| |||||||
Summer
|
Light
| < 6 h | 30.4 | 24.8 | 24.2 | 20.4 | <.0001 |
6-14 h | 46.3 | 44.5 | 46.6 | 41.9 | |||
> 14 h | 23.3 | 30.7 | 29.2 | 37.7 | |||
Moderate
| < 5 h | 34.9 | 29.5 | 32.9 | 22.8 | <.0001 | |
5-9 h | 34.8 | 40.1 | 28.0 | 33.5 | |||
> 9 h | 30.2 | 30.4 | 39.1 | 43.7 | |||
Vigorous
| < 4 h | 39.3 | 37.3 | 38.5 | 31.4 | 0.0003 | |
4-6 h | 34.4 | 35.4 | 29.8 | 37.6 | |||
> 6 h | 26.3 | 27.3 | 31.7 | 31.1 | |||
Winter
|
Light
| < 5 h | 31.8 | 24.8 | 29.8 | 23.6 | <.0001 |
5-11 h | 47.4 | 48.0 | 44.7 | 42.8 | |||
> 11 h | 20.8 | 27.3 | 25.5 | 33.6 | |||
Moderate
| < 3 h | 33.0 | 26.3 | 29.8 | 21.7 | <.0001 | |
3-6 h | 42.6 | 48.9 | 41.6 | 41.0 | |||
> 6 h | 24.4 | 24.8 | 28.6 | 37.3 | |||
Vigorous
| < 3 h | 38.0 | 26.7 | 32.3 | 28.9 | <.0001 | |
3-4 h | 32.5 | 36.4 | 29.8 | 33.9 | |||
> 4 h | 29.5 | 37.0 | 37.9 | 37.3 | |||
Biological
| |||||||
Sex
| Boys | 52.3 | 52.4 | 50.9 | 51.5 | 0.9593 | |
BMI
b
| Underweight | 9.9 | 6.6 | 7.1 | 7.4 | <.0001 | |
Normal weight | 83.4 | 86.6 | 78.7 | 80.0 | |||
Overweight | 4.9 | 4.9 | 10.3 | 9.3 | |||
Obese | 1.8 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 3.3 | |||
Start of puberty
| Yes | 30.3 | 34.7 | 31.5 | 27.7 | 0.0784 | |
Siblings
| Yes | 86.6 | 82.8 | 89.4 | 91.1 | <.0001 | |
Parental BMI
c
|
Mother
| Underweight | 3.1 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 1.5 | <.0001 |
Normal weight | 72.9 | 65.8 | 64.7 | 67.1 | |||
Overweight | 17.4 | 22.4 | 21.6 | 22.3 | |||
Obese | 6.7 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 9.2 | |||
Father
| Underweight | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | <.0001 | |
Normal weight | 47.5 | 45.0 | 43.2 | 37.1 | |||
Overweight | 43.9 | 43.5 | 45.3 | 47.7 | |||
Obese | 8.3 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 15.0 | |||
Social
| |||||||
Paternal education
d
| Low | 3.7 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 11.0 | <.0001 | |
Middle | 17.2 | 36.6 | 21.9 | 37.9 | |||
High | 79.2 | 62.2 | 74.4 | 51.1 | |||
Household income
e
| Low | 6.7 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 0.0667 | |
Middle | 23.4 | 22.0 | 31.2 | 20.5 | |||
High | 69.9 | 73.4 | 63.1 | 73.0 | |||
Behavioral
| |||||||
TV/PC (per day)
|
Summer
| < 1 h | 74.9 | 64.3 | 67.9 | 57.9 | <.0001 |
1-2 h | 23.9 | 32.6 | 29.6 | 40.3 | |||
> 2 h | 1.2 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 1.9 | |||
Winter
| < 1 h | 43.7 | 30.9 | 22.6 | 16.4 | <.0001 | |
1-2 h | 50.1 | 53.6 | 66.7 | 66.0 | |||
> 2 h | 6.3 | 15.5 | 10.7 | 17.6 | |||
Method of arriving school
f
| Active | 67.9 | 47.3 | 50.6 | 68.5 | <.0001 | |
Passive | 25.1 | 43.9 | 38.1 | 23.2 | |||
Mixed | 7.0 | 8.8 | 11.3 | 8.3 | |||
Membership of a sports club
| Yes | 85.9 | 76.3 | 89.4 | 85.6 | <.0001 | |
Time Outdoors (h per day)
| |||||||
Summer
| < 3 h | 15.8 | 13.9 | 5.6 | 4.7 | <.0001 | |
3-5 h | 70.9 | 70.0 | 67.5 | 64.0 | |||
> 5 h | 13.3 | 16.1 | 26.9 | 31.3 | |||
Winter
| < 2 h | 36.4 | 31.0 | 28.3 | 20.5 | <.0001 | |
2-3 h | 57.9 | 60.2 | 63.5 | 64.8 | |||
> 3 h | 5.7 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 14.7 | |||
Psychological
| |||||||
Emotional Symptoms
g
| Normal | 82.6 | 82.7 | 85.4 | 82.7 | 0.4985 | |
Borderline | 6.9 | 8.2 | 5.7 | 8.4 | |||
Abnormal | 10.5 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 9.0 |