Introduction
Methods
Search strategy
Study selection
Data extraction
Study quality assessment
Statistical methods
Results
Author, publication year, country/region | Follow-up period | Study size, gender, age, number of cases | Exposure | Quantity | RR (95 % CI)a
| Adjustment for confounders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Callaway LK et al., 2010, Australia | NA | 22 obese women, exercise intervention: 5 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 900 kcal/week of energy expenditure | 1.44 (0.43–4.98) | – |
19 controls: 3 cases | Individualised exercise program with the goal of an energy expenditure of 900 kcal/week | |||||
Price BB et al., 2012, USA | 2006–2010 | 43 (31 analysed) women, exercise intervention: 3 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 45–60 min × 4/week | 0.75 (0.20–2.78) | – |
48 (31 analysed) women, control group: 4 cases | Supervised aerobic training of 45–60 min 4 times per week at moderate intensity (12–14 on Borg Scale of perceived exertion) | |||||
Oostdam N et al., 2012, Netherlands | 2007–2011 | 62 (48) women, exercise group: 7 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 60 min × 2/week | 0.65 (0.27–1.55) | – |
59 (51) women, control group: 11 cases | Exercise program 2 days/week, 60 min per session. Aerobic and strength exercises aimed to control blood glucose levels | |||||
Stafne SN et al., 2012, Norway | 2007–2009 | 429 (375 analysed) women, exercise group: 25 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 60 min × 1/week | 1.21 (0.68–2.16) | – |
426 (327 analysed) women, control group: 18 cases | Standardized exercise program including aerobic activity, strength training, balance exercises, 60 min training sessions one time per week between gestational week 20–36 | |||||
Barakat R et al., 2012, Spain | NA | 40 women, exercise group: 0 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 35–45 min × 3/week | 0.15 (0.01–1.32) | – |
43 women, control group: 3 cases | Physical conditioning programme with two land aerobic sessions and one aquatic session of 35–45 min sessions for a total of 3 times per week from gestational weeks 6–9 to weeks 38–39 | |||||
Barakat R et al., 2013, Spain | 2007–2011 | 255 women, exercise group: 41 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 50–55 min × 3/week | 0.84 (0.50–1.40) | Maternal age, pre-pregnancy body weight |
255 women, control group: 61 cases | Physical activity intervention 50–55 min per session, 3 times per week including aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening and flexibility exercises from weeks 10–12 of pregnancy to weeks 38–39 | |||||
Tomic V et al., 2013, Croatia | 2008–2009 | 166 women, physical exercise group: 3 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 50 min × 3/week | 0.22 (0.07–0.69) | – |
168 women, control group: 14 cases | Aerobic exercise of moderate intensity, 50 min/session, 3 times/week during the whole pregnancy period | |||||
Barakat R et al., 2014, Spain | NA | 137 women, exercise group: 5 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 55–60 min × 3/week | 0.83 (0.26–2.63) | – |
114 women, control group: 5 cases | Physical conditioning program of three 55–60 min sessions per week that started between 9 and 13 weeks gestation to weeks 39–40 | |||||
Ko CW et al., 2014, USA | NA | 591 women, physical activity group: 25 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 30 min × 3/week − 45–60 min/week × 4–5/week | 0.78 (0.47–1.28) | – |
605 women, control group: 33 cases | Exercise intervention of moderate to vigorous intensity, 30 min/session, 3 times per week with a goal to increase to 45–60 min/session, 4–5 times/week | |||||
Renault KM et al., 2014, Denmark | 2009–2012 | 125 women, physical activity group: 2 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 11,000 steps/day | 0.27 (0.06–1.16) | – |
134 women, control group: 7 cases | Physical activity intervention to increase daily step count to 11,000 (monitored by pedometer) | |||||
Cordero Y et al., 2014, Spain | NA | 101 women, exercise group: 1 case |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 50–60 min × 3/week | 0.10 (0.01–0.80) | – |
156 women, control group: 13 cases | Physical activity program with 50–60 min sessions, 3 times per week from weeks 10–14 to the end of the third trimester | |||||
Nobles C et al., 2015, USA | 2007–2012 | 124 women, exercise group: 12 cases |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| 30 min most days of the week | 0.60 (0.27–1.32) | Education, parity |
127 women, control group: 19 cases | Intervention to increase activity level to moderate-intensity physical activity of 30 min on most days of the week |
Author, publication year, country/region | Follow-up period | Study size, gender, age, number of cases | Exposure | Quantity | RR (95 % CI) | Adjustment for confounders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dempsey JC et al., 2004, USA | 1996–2000 | 909: 42 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Any recreational physical activity | No | 1.00 | Age, race, parity | |||
Yes | 0.36 (0.18–0.76) | |||||
Time spent performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<4.2 hrs/wk | 0.51 (0.24–1.09) | |||||
≥4.2 | 0.20 (0.08–0.51) | |||||
Energy expended performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<21.1 MET-hours/week | 0.51 (0.24–1.08) | |||||
≥21.1 | 0.20 (0.08–0.51) | |||||
Any recreational physical activity | No | 1.00 | Age, race, parity, prepregnancy BMI | |||
Yes | 0.44 (0.21–0.91) | |||||
Time spent performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<4.2 hrs/wk | 0.58 (0.27–1.24) | |||||
≥4.2 | 0.24 (0.10–0.64) | |||||
Energy expended performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<21.1 MET-hours/week | 0.57 (0.27–1.21) | |||||
≥21.1 | 0.26 (0.10–0.65) | |||||
Physical activity during pregnancy
| ||||||
Any recreational physical activity | No | 1.00 | Age, race, parity | |||
Yes | 0.60 (0.33–1.10) | |||||
Time spent performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<6.0 hrs/wk | 0.43 (0.19–0.99) | |||||
≥6.0 | 0.76 (0.38–1.50) | |||||
Energy expended performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<28 MET-hours/week | 0.65 (0.32–1.34) | |||||
≥28 | 0.55 (0.26–1.17) | |||||
Any recreational physical activity | No | 1.00 | Age, race, parity, prepregnancy BMI | |||
Yes | 0.69 (0.37–1.29) | |||||
Time spent performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<6.0 hrs/wk | 0.49 (0.21–1.13) | |||||
≥6.0 | 0.90 (0.45–1.80) | |||||
Energy expended performing recreational physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
<28 MET-hours/week | 0.71 (0.35–1.47) | |||||
≥28 | 0.67 (0.31–1.43) | |||||
Recreational physical activity before and during pregnancy | Neither | 1.00 | Age, race, parity | |||
Active last year only | 0.45 (0.17–1.20) | |||||
Active last week only | 0.83 (0.23–2.94) | |||||
Active both periods | 0.28 (0.11–0.73) | |||||
Recreational physical activity before and during pregnancy | Neither | 1.00 | Age, race, parity, prepregnancy BMI | |||
Active last year only | 0.40 (0.15–1.07) | |||||
Active last week only | 0.59 (0.16–2.14) | |||||
Active both periods | 0.31 (0.12–0.79) | |||||
Oken E et al., 2006, USA | 1999–2002 | 1805: 91 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Walking | ≤1 hrs/wk | 1.00 | Age, race/ethnicity, prepregnancy BMI, history of gestational diabetes mellitus in a previous pregnancy, mother’s history of gestational diabetes mellitus | |||
>1 | 0.67 (0.34–1.34) | |||||
Light moderate activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 1.16 (0.67–1.99) | |||||
Vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | |||||
Light/moderate or vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.91 (0.51–1.65) | |||||
Total leisure-time physical activity | ≤2 hrs/wk | 1.00 | ||||
3–6 | 0.78 (0.34–1.76) | |||||
7–13 | 0.63 (0.28–1.39) | |||||
≥14 | 0.70 (0.30–1.68) | |||||
Physical activity during pregnancy
| ||||||
Walking, during pregnancy | ≤1 hrs/wk | 1.00 | ||||
>1 | 0.67 (0.35–1.30) | |||||
Light moderate activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.70 (0.41–1.21) | |||||
Vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.90 (0.47–1.70) | |||||
Light/moderate or vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.73 (0.43–1.25) | |||||
Total leisure-time physical activity | ≤2 hrs/wk | 1.00 | ||||
3–6 | 0.72 (0.37–1.40) | |||||
7–13 | 0.59 (0.28–1.23) | |||||
≥14 | 0.91 (0.37–2.21) | |||||
Physical activity before and during pregnancy
| No/no | 1.00 | ||||
No/yes | 1.28 (0.54–3.02) | |||||
Yes/no | 0.83 (0.36–1.90) | |||||
Yes/yes | 0.49 (0.24–1.01) | |||||
Zhang C et al., 2006, USA | 1989–1999, 10 years follow-up | 21,765: 1428 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Leisure-time physical activity, prepregnancy | 2.3 MET-hours/week | 1.00 | Age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, family history of diabetes mellitus in 1st degree relative, parity, alcohol intake, total energy, cereal fiber, total fat, glycemic load | |||
7.8 | 0.94 (0.83–1.14) | |||||
15.9 | 0.83 (0.70–0.97) | |||||
29 | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | |||||
63.2 | 0.71 (0.60–0.84) | |||||
Vigorous physical activity | 0 MET-hours/week | 1.00 | ||||
1.4 | 0.94 (0.71–1.26) | |||||
6 | 0.81 (0.67–1.16) | |||||
15 | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | |||||
38.8 | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) | |||||
Usual walking pace, among women without vigorous activity | Casual | 1.00 | ||||
Normal | 0.79 (0.57–1.08) | |||||
Brisk, very brisk | 0.60 (0.42–0.86) | |||||
Stair climbing, among women without vigorous activity | ≤2 flights/day | 1.00 | ||||
3–4 | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | |||||
5–9 | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | |||||
10–14 | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) | |||||
≥15 | 0.44 (0.24–0.79) | |||||
Leisure-time physical activity | 2.3 MET-hours/week | 1.00 | Age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, family history of diabetes mellitus in 1st degree relative, parity, alcohol intake, total energy, cereal fiber, total fat, glycemic load, BMI | |||
7.8 | 0.97 (0.87–1.20) | |||||
15.9 | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | |||||
29 | 0.90 (0.80–1.11) | |||||
63.2 | 0.81 (0.68–1.01) | |||||
Vigorous physical activity | 0 MET-hours/week | 1.00 | ||||
1.4 | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | |||||
6 | 0.84 (0.71–1.20) | |||||
15 | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | |||||
38.8 | 0.77 (0.69–0.94) | |||||
Usual walking pace, among women without vigorous activity | Casual | 1.00 | ||||
Normal | 0.81 (0.59–1.12) | |||||
Brisk, very brisk | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | |||||
Stair climbing, among women without vigorous activity | ≤2 flights/day | 1.00 | ||||
3–4 | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | |||||
5–9 | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) | |||||
10–14 | 0.77 (0.54–1.11) | |||||
≥15 | 0.50 (0.27–0.90) | |||||
Iqbal R et al., 2007, Pakistan | 2002–2004 | 611 South Asian women: 49 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Total physical activity | Per 100 kcal energy expenditure | 0.89 (0.79–0.99) | Age, BMI, family history of diabetes, education, parity, height, rate of weight gain during pregnancy | |||
Total physical activity | Per 100 kcal energy expenditure | 0.89 (0.79–0.99) | Age, body fat, family history of diabetes, education, parity, height, rate of weight gain during pregnancy | |||
Chasan-Taber L et al., 2008, USA | 2000–2004 | 1006 Hispanic women: 33 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Household activity, caregiving | 1.9 KPAS score | 1.0 | Age, BMI | |||
2.3 | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | |||||
2.7 | 0.3 (0.1–0.9) | |||||
3.2 | 0.2 (0.1–0.8) | |||||
Occupational physical activity | 1.0 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 0.4 (0.1–2.2) | |||||
3 | 2.1 (0.7–6.0) | |||||
3.9 | 1.7 (0.6–5.1) | |||||
Sports, exercise | 1.3 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
1.5 | 1.8 (0.5–6.0) | |||||
2.8 | 1.5 (0.4–5.8) | |||||
4 | 2.1 (0.6–7.1) | |||||
Active living | 1.7 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2.5 | 1.1 (0.3–3.7) | |||||
3 | 1.3 (0.4–3.8) | |||||
3.8 | 2.0 (0.6–6.2) | |||||
Total physical activity | 7.9 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
9.5 | 0.5 (0.1–2.3) | |||||
10.8 | 2.0 (0.7–5.8) | |||||
12.3 | 0.8 (0.2–2.7) | |||||
Physical activity during early pregnancy
| ||||||
Household activity, caregiving | 1.7 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2.1 | 0.3 (0.1–1.3) | |||||
2.4 | 0.7 (0.2–1.9) | |||||
3 | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) | |||||
Occupational physical activity | 1.0 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2.3 | 0.6 (0.2–1.9) | |||||
3.3 | 1.5 (0.7–3.5) | |||||
Sports, exercise | 1.0 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
1.3 | 1.5 (0.5–4.5) | |||||
1.5 | 0.9 (0.3–2.9) | |||||
2.3 | 0.7 (0.2–2.5) | |||||
Active living | 1.3 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 0.5 (0.1–1.7) | |||||
2.7 | 1.5 (0.5–4.6) | |||||
3.3 | 1.2 (0.4–3.4) | |||||
Total physical activity | 6.8 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
8.1 | 0.5 (0.1–1.6) | |||||
9.2 | 0.6 (0.2–1.7) | |||||
10.7 | 0.8 (0.2–2.3) | |||||
Physical activity during midpregnancy
| ||||||
Household activity, caregiving | 1.6 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 0.8 (0.3–2.4) | |||||
2.4 | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | |||||
2.9 | 0.2 (0.1–0.8) | |||||
Occupational physical activity | 1.0 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2.2 | 0.7 (0.2–3.0) | |||||
3.1 | 1.0 (0.4–2.6) | |||||
Sports, exercise | 1.0 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
1.3 | 0.4 (0.1–1.4) | |||||
1.5 | 1.3 (0.5–3.7) | |||||
2.5 | 0.1 (0.0–0.7) | |||||
Active living | 1.5 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
2 | 0.6 (0.1–2.6) | |||||
2.7 | 1.9 (0.7–5.6) | |||||
3.3 | 0.6 (0.2–2.1) | |||||
Total physical activity | 6.7 KPAS score | 1.0 | ||||
8.1 | 0.6 (0.2–1.8) | |||||
9.2 | 0.3 (0.1–1.1) | |||||
10.6 | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | |||||
Van der Ploeg HP et al., 2011, Australia | 1978–2003 | 2913: 180 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Moderate and vigorous physical activity | <180 MET min/wk | 1.00 | Age, number of children, age at 1st birth, country of birth, education, total energy intake | |||
180–600 | 1.28 (0.80–2.06) | |||||
600–1320 | 1.53 (0.95–2.47) | |||||
>1320 | 1.22 (0.70–2.11) | |||||
Ramos-Levi AM et al., 2012, Spain | 2009–2010 | 2194: 213 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Sports | ≥2 versus <2 days/wk | 0.67 (0.45–0.96) | Age, biscuits and pastries, red and processed meats, fruit, dried fruits and nuts, skimmed dairy products, legumes, blue fish, whole wheat bread, sauces, vegetables and salads, water, alcohol, sugary drinks, coffee, light walking, climbing up stairs | |||
Mørkrid K et al., 2014, Norway | 2008–2010 | 759 women: 239 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Regular physical activity before pregnancy | No | 1.00 | Age, gestational week, pre-pregnancy BMI, ethnic origin, early life socioeconomic position score | |||
Yes | 0.65 (0.46–0.94) | |||||
Physical activity during early pregnancy
| ||||||
Objectively recorded moderate-vigorous physical activity | Per 1 SD (60 min/d) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | ||||
Objectively recorded steps | Per 1 SD (3159 steps/d) | 0.81 (0.66–0.99) | ||||
Zhang C et al., 2014, USA | 1989–2001 | 14,437 women: 823 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Moderate/vigorous physical activity | <30 min/wk | 1.00 | Age, parity, family history of diabetes, history of infertility, race/ethnicity, questionnaire period, total energy, alcohol, Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 diet score, BMI, smoking status | |||
30–59 | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | |||||
60–89 | 0.91 (0.71–1.16) | |||||
90–149 | 0.89 (0.71–1.10) | |||||
150–209 | 0.85 (0.66–1.10) | |||||
≥210 | 0.78 (0.64–0.94) | |||||
Currie LM et al., 2014, Canada | 2002–2005 | 1749 women: 36 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Total physical activity | <7.72 KPAS score | 1.00 | Maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, education, parity, history of gestational diabetes | |||
7.72- < 9.39 | 0.71 (0.33–1.56) | |||||
≥9.39 | 0.60 (0.24–1.48) | |||||
Physical activity in the 1st half of pregnancy
| ||||||
Total physical activity | <6.44 KPAS score | 1.00 | ||||
6.44–<7.97 | 1.08 (0.50–2.32) | |||||
≥7.97 | 0.56 (0.22–1.47) | |||||
Chasan-Taber L et al., 2014, USA | 2006–2011 | 1241 women: 175 cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Met exercise guidelines, prepregnancy | No | 1.00 | Age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, generation in the US | |||
Yes | 1.01 (0.55–1.83) | |||||
Total physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.20 (0.52–2.76) | |||||
3 | 1.13 (0.50–2.57) | |||||
4 | 0.79 (0.32–1.97) | |||||
Moderate-intensity physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.97 (0.44–2.14) | |||||
3 | 1.07 (0.49–2.35) | |||||
4 | 0.69 (0.29–1.66) | |||||
Vigorous intensity physical activity | No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 0.90 (0.48–1.69) | |||||
Household/caregiving physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.25 (0.58–2.69) | |||||
3 | 0.73 (0.31–1.71) | |||||
4 | 0.61 (0.26–1.45) | |||||
Occupational physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 2.98 (1.26–7.03) | |||||
3 | 1.38 (0.51–3.76) | |||||
4 | 2.05 (0.86–4.90) | |||||
Sports/exercise | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.76 (0.78–3.95) | |||||
3 | 0.96 (0.39–2.36) | |||||
4 | 1.26 (0.52–3.05) | |||||
Physical activity during early pregnancy
| ||||||
Met exercise guidelines, early pregnancy | No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 0.91 (0.45–1.83) | |||||
Total physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.43 (0.14–1.27) | |||||
3 | 0.92 (0.39–2.18) | |||||
4 | 0.69 (0.27–1.73) | |||||
Moderate-intensity physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.12 (0.47–2.65) | |||||
3 | 0.76 (0.30–1.94) | |||||
4 | 0.64 (0.24–1.76) | |||||
Vigorous intensity physical activity | No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 1.07 (0.39–2.89) | |||||
Household/caregiving physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 2.75 (0.99–7.58) | |||||
3 | 1.08 (0.34–3.41) | |||||
4 | 1.88 (0.66–5.36) | |||||
Occupational physical activity | Unemployed | 1.00 | ||||
Low | 0.82 (0.38–1.77) | |||||
High | 0.39 (0.15–0.99) | |||||
Sports/exercise | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.51 (0.31–7.30) | |||||
3 | 1.11 (0.49–2.51) | |||||
4 | 1.07 (0.47–2.44) |
Author, publication year, country/region | Study period | Study size, gender, age, number of cases | Exposure | Quantity | RR (95 % CI) | Adjustment for confounders |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oken E et al., 2006, USA | 1999–2002 | 1805 women: 312 abnormal glucose tolerance cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Walking | ≤1 h/week | 1.00 | Age, race/ethnicity, prepregnancy BMI, history of gestational diabetes mellitus in a previous pregnancy, mother’s history of gestational diabetes mellitus | |||
>1 | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) | |||||
Light moderate activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 1.15 (0.86–1.53) | |||||
Vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | |||||
Light/moderate or vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | |||||
Total leisure-time physical activity | ≤2 h/week | 1.00 | ||||
3–6 | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | |||||
7–13 | 0.82 (0.53–1.25) | |||||
≥14 | 0.79 (0.49–1.26) | |||||
Physical activity during pregnancy
| ||||||
Walking, during pregnancy | ≤1 h/week | 1.00 | ||||
>1 | 0.71 (0.49–1.02) | |||||
Light moderate activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | |||||
Vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) | |||||
Light/moderate or vigorous activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | |||||
Total leisure-time physical activity | ≤2 h/week | 1.00 | ||||
3–6 | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) | |||||
7–13 | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) | |||||
≥14 | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) | |||||
Physical activity before and during pregnancy
| No/no | 1.00 | ||||
No/yes | 1.19 (0.74–1.91) | |||||
Yes/no | 1.04 (0.67–1.60) | |||||
Yes/yes | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | |||||
Gollenberg AL et al., 2010, USA | 2000–2003 2006–2008 | 1231 Latina women: 104 abnormal glucose tolerance cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Sports, exercise | 1 | 1.00 (0.51–1.96) | Maternal age, smoking, pre-pregnancy BMI, maternal education, parity | |||
2 | 1.67 (0.94–2.97) | |||||
3 | 1.04 (0.54–2.03) | |||||
4 | 1.00 | |||||
Physical activity during early pregnancy
| ||||||
Sports, exercise | 1 | 1.16 (0.60–2.24) | ||||
2 | 1.66 (0.92–2.98) | |||||
3 | 1.30 (0.69–2.45) | |||||
4 | 1.00 | |||||
Baptiste-Roberts K et al., 2011, USA | 152 women: not available |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| ||||
Leisure-time physical activity | ≥2.75 versus <2.75 score | 0.32 (0.12–0.86) | Age, race, parity, gestational weight gain, pre-pregnancy BMI | |||
Deierlein AL et al., 2012, USA | 2001–2005 | 1437 women: 269 hyperglycemia cases |
Physical activity during early pregnancy
| |||
Total moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | Age at conception, pre-pregnancy BMI, race/ethnicity | |||
Any | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | |||||
Recreational moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.73 (0.54–0.99) | |||||
Outdoor household moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.90 (0.49–1.66) | |||||
Indoor household moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | |||||
Caregiving moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 0.80 (0.43–1.51) | |||||
Work-related moderate and vigorous physical activity | None | 1.00 | ||||
Any | 1.26 (0.90–1.78) | |||||
Chasan-Taber L et al., 2014, USA | 2006–2011 | 1241 women: 161 abnormal glucose tolerance cases |
Physical activity before pregnancy
| |||
Met exercise guidelines, prepregnancy | No | 1.00 | Age, pre-pregnancy BMI, education, generation in the US | |||
Yes | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | |||||
Total physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.67 (0.40–1.13) | |||||
3 | 0.81 (0.49–1.33) | |||||
4 | 0.94 (0.57–1.53) | |||||
Moderate-intensity physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.07 (0.67–1.72) | |||||
3 | 0.72 (0.43–1.19) | |||||
4 | 0.91 (0.56–1.50) | |||||
Vigorous intensity physical activity | No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | |||||
Household/caregiving physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.88 (0.54–1.44) | |||||
3 | 0.91 (0.56–1.49) | |||||
4 | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) | |||||
Occupational physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.12 (0.68–1.82) | |||||
3 | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) | |||||
4 | 0.97 (0.58–1.64) | |||||
Sports/exercise | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 1.18 (0.72–1.92) | |||||
3 | 0.98 (0.59–1.62) | |||||
4 | 1.01 (0.61–1.68) | |||||
Physical activity in early pregnancy
| ||||||
Met exercise guidelines, early pregnancy | No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 1.12 (0.73–1.73) | |||||
Total physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.70 (0.40–1.24) | |||||
3 | 0.60 (0.34–1.07) | |||||
4 | 0.63 (0.36–1.12) | |||||
Moderate-intensity physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.61 (0.35–1.05) | |||||
3 | 0.65 (0.38–1.12) | |||||
4 | 0.49 (0.27–0.89) | |||||
Vigorous intensity physical activity | No | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 0.70 (0.35–1.39) | |||||
Household/caregiving physical activity | 1 | 1.00 | ||||
2 | 0.65 (0.37–1.14) | |||||
3 | 0.58 (0.32–1.03) | |||||
4 | 0.67 (0.38–1.18) | |||||
Occupational physical activity | Unemployed | 1.00 | ||||
Low | 0.92 (0.57–1.47) | |||||
High | 0.47 (0.27–0.82) | |||||
Sports/exercise | 1 | 1 | ||||
2 | 1.70 (0.64–4.52) | |||||
3 | 1.25 (0.77–2.03) | |||||
4 | 1.04 (0.62–1.74) | |||||
Nobles C et al., 2015, USA | 2007–2012 | 124 women, exercise group: 17 cases of impaired glucose tolerance |
Physical activity during pregnancy
| |||
127 women, control group: 24 cases | Intervention to increase activity level to moderate-intensity physical activity of 30 min on most days of the week | 30 min most days of the week | 0.68 (0.35–1.34) | Education, parity |
Leisure-time physical activity before pregnancy | Leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| RR (95 % CI) |
I
2 (%) |
P
h
a
|
P
h
b
|
n
| RR (95 % CI) |
I
2 (%) |
P
h
a
|
P
h
b
| |
All studies | 8 | 0.78 (0.61–1.00) | 47.1 | 0.07 | 17 | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) | 17.0 | 0.26 | ||
Study design | ||||||||||
Randomized controlled trials | 0 | 0.36 | 12 | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 30.2 | 0.15 | 0.61 | |||
Cohort studies | 8 | 0.78 (0.61–1.00) | 47.1 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | 0 | 0.80 | ||
Geographic location | ||||||||||
Europe | 2 | 0.66 (0.51–0.86) | 0 | 0.91 | 0.41 | 9 | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) | 52.0 | 0.03 | 0.88 |
America | 5 | 0.79 (0.48–1.29) | 55.6 | 0.06 | 7 | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0 | 0.94 | ||
Asia | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Australia | 1 | 1.22 (0.70–2.11) | 1 | 1.44 (0.43–4.98) | ||||||
Number of cases | ||||||||||
Cases <200 | 5 | 0.88 (0.47–1.65) | 62.2 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 16 | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | 13.2 | 0.30 | 0.24 |
Cases ≥200 | 3 | 0.75 (0.64–0.88) | 0 | 0.46 | 1 | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | ||||
Study quality (observational studies) | ||||||||||
0–3 | 0 | 0.45 | 0 | 0.71 | ||||||
4–6 | 4 | 0.91 (0.59–1.42) | 44.6 | 0.14 | 2 | 0.83 (0.40–1.73) | 0 | 0.74 | ||
7–9 | 4 | 0.70 (0.48–1.01) | 59.6 | 0.06 | 3 | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | 0 | 0.51 | ||
Risk of bias (randomized trials) | ||||||||||
High risk of bias | – | – | 6 | 0.62 (0.31–1.24) | 57.9 | 0.04 | 0.98 | |||
Low risk of bias | – | 1 | 0.65 (0.27–1.55) | |||||||
Unclear risk of bias | – | 5 | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0 | 0.44 | |||||
Adjustment for confounding factors
c
| ||||||||||
Age | ||||||||||
Yes | 8 | 0.78 (0.61–1.00) | 47.1 | 0.07 | NC | 7 | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 22.4 | 0.26 | NC |
No | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Education | ||||||||||
Yes | 2 | 1.23 (0.77–1.97) | 0 | 0.95 | 0.14 | 4 | 0.50 (0.21–1.24) | 56.5 | 0.08 | 0.31 |
No | 6 | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | 45.2 | 0.10 | 4 | 0.94 (0.70–1.26) | 0 | 0.74 | ||
Income | ||||||||||
Yes | 0 | NC | 0 | NC | ||||||
No | 8 | 0.78 (0.61–1.00) | 47.1 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) | 0 | 0.80 | ||
Parity | ||||||||||
Yes | 2 | 0.51 (0.17–1.51) | 81.6 | 0.02 | 0.33 | 3 | 0.59 (0.33–1.05) | 0 | 0.52 | 0.17 |
No | 6 | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 35.9 | 0.17 | 4 | 1.02 (0.76–1.38) | 0 | 0.89 | ||
Alcohol | ||||||||||
Yes | 2 | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) | 0 | 0.38 | 0.82 | 0 | NC | |||
No | 6 | 0.82 (0.51–1.30) | 59.9 | 0.03 | 5 | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | 0 | 0.80 | ||
Smoking | ||||||||||
Yes | 1 | 0.81 (0.68–1.01) | 0.93 | 0 | NC | |||||
No | 7 | 0.78 (0.55–1.10) | 53.4 | 0.05 | 5 | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | 0 | 0.80 | ||
Body mass index | ||||||||||
Yes | 6 | 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | 50.3 | 0.07 | 0.71 | 7 | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) | 22.4 | 0.26 | NC |
No | 2 | 0.87 (0.49–1.56) | 67.5 | 0.08 | 0 |