Background
Methods
Study design and population
Female (N = 43)a
| Male (N = 78)b
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Mean | SD |
N
| % | Mean | SD |
N
| % |
Age (years) | 42.6 | 12.5 | . | . | 41.8 | 12 | . | . |
Height (cm) | 167.8 | 5.8 | . | . | 180.8 | 6.7 | . | . |
Weight (kg) | 68.6 | 8.8 | . | . | 86 | 13.5 | . | . |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4* | 3.1 | . | . | 26.3 | 4 | . | . |
HbA1c (mmol/L) | 5.2 | 0.3 | . | . | 5.3 | 0.4 | . | . |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4 | 1.1 | . | . | 5.1 | 1.1 | . | . |
LDL (mmol/L) | 3.2 | 0.9 | . | . | 3.2 | 0.9 | . | . |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.9* | 0.4 | . | . | 1.4 | 0.3 | . | . |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.9 | 1.8 | . | . | 1.9 | 2 | . | . |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 115.5* | 15.7 | . | . | 123.3 | 12.3 | . | . |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.2* | 7.6 | . | . | 78.9 | 8.6 | . | . |
RHR (bpm) | 67.4* | 10.8 | . | . | 63.4 | 9.4 | . | . |
VO2max (mL ∙ kg-1∙ min-1) | 33.5* | 8.6 | . | . | 39.3 | 7 | . | . |
Leisure time physical activity (n ≤1 days/week) | . | . | 16 | 37.2 | . | . | 29 | 37.2 |
Leisure time physical activity (n = 2–3 days/week) | . | . | 21 | 48.8 | . | . | 36 | 46.2 |
Leisure time physical activity (n ≥ 4 days/week) | . | . | 6 | 14 | . | . | 13 | 16.7 |
Smokers | . | . | 0* | 0 | . | . | 12 | 15.4 |
University/College | . | . | 37* | 86 | . | . | 41 | 52.6 |
Intervention
Physical activity and medical history
Aerobic fitness
Blood pressure and resting heart rate
Variables from blood analyses
Statistical analysis
Results
Loss to follow-up
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Physical activity
Association between activity levels and health outcomes
Maximal oxygen uptake
Diastolic blood pressure
Resting heart rate
Total cholesterol
Low density lipoprotein
Female (n = 43) | Male (n = 78) | All (n = 121) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Covariate | Category | β | 95 % CI |
p
| β | 95 % CI |
p
| β | 95 % CI |
P
| |||
HbA1cc
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.26 | 0.089 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.048 |
(mmol/L) | ≥4 times/week | 0.01 | −0.20 | 0.22 | 0.94 | 0.06 | −0.12 | 0.24 | 0.53 | 0.03 | −0.10 | 0.17 | 0.62 | |
Ageb
| 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.00095 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.21 |
p < 0.0001 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.18 |
p < 0.0001 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | −0.06 | −0.16 | 0.04 | 0.25 | |
Education | College/University | −0.27 | −0.48 | −0.07 | 0.01 | −0.15 | −0.28 | −0.03 | 0.017 | −0.17 | −0.28 | −0.07 | 0.0012 | |
Total | Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | −0.48 | −1.02 | 0.07 | 0.084 | −0.59 | −1.15 | −0.03 | 0.038 | −0.57 | −0.97 | −0.16 | 0.0062 |
cholesterold
| ≥4 times/week | −0.61 | −1.41 | 0.18 | 0.13 | −0.64 | −1.37 | 0.09 | 0.085 | −0.63 | −1.18 | −0.08 | 0.025 | |
(mmol/L) | Age | 0.45 | 0.24 | 0.67 | 0.00014 | 0.12 | −0.09 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.0028 | |
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0.15 | −0.25 | 0.56 | 0.46 | |
Education | College/University | 0.18 | −0.59 | 0.95 | 0.64 | 0.15 | −0.36 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.13 | −0.29 | 0.54 | 0.54 | |
LDLe
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | −0.38 | −0.88 | 0.11 | 0.12 | −0.49 | −0.97 | −0.01 | 0.044 | −0.47 | −0.82 | −0.11 | 0.0099 |
(mmol/L) | ≥4 times/week | −0.61 | −1.33 | 0.12 | 0.097 | −0.49 | −1.12 | 0.14 | 0.13 | −0.52 | −0.99 | −0.04 | 0.035 | |
Age | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.00095 | 0.07 | −0.11 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.017 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | −0.12 | −0.47 | 0.24 | 0.52 | |
Education | College/University | −0.02 | −0.33 | 0.30 | 0.92 | −0.05 | −0.21 | 0.11 | 0.53 | 0.10 | −0.26 | 0.46 | 0.59 |
Female (n = 43) | Male (n = 78) | All (n = 121) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Covariate | Category | β | 95 % CI |
p
| β | 95 % CI |
p
| β | 95 % CI |
P
| |||
HDLc
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | −0.02 | −0.33 | 0.30 | 0.92 | −0.05 | −0.21 | 0.11 | 0.53 | −0.05 | −0.20 | 0.10 | 0.51 |
(mmol/L) | ≥4 times/week | 0.05 | −0.41 | 0.51 | 0.82 | 0.01 | −0.20 | 0.22 | 0.93 | 0.01 | −0.19 | 0.21 | 0.94 | |
Ageb
| 0.08 | −0.05 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.044 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0.43 | 0.28 | 0.58 |
p < 0.0001 | |
Education | College/University | −0.11 | −0.56 | 0.34 | 0.62 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.032 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.26 | 0.17 | |
logCRPd
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | −0.30 | −0.81 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.00 | −0.34 | 0.34 | 0.98 | −0.10 | −0.38 | 0.18 | 0.49 |
(mg/L) | > = 4 times/week | 0.05 | −0.69 | 0.78 | 0.9 | −0.05 | −0.50 | 0.41 | 0.84 | 0.00 | −0.39 | 0.38 | 0.98 | |
Ageb
| −0.12 | −0.32 | 0.08 | 0.25 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.02 | −0.09 | 0.13 | 0.68 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 0.07 | −0.21 | 0.35 | 0.62 | |
Education | College/University | −0.16 | −0.87 | 0.55 | 0.64 | −0.27 | −0.58 | 0.04 | 0.085 | −0.23 | −0.52 | 0.06 | 0.12 | |
Systolic BPe
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | 2.10 | −6.54 | 10.75 | 0.63 | 1.08 | −3.98 | 6.13 | 0.67 | 1.22 | −3.18 | 5.62 | 0.58 |
(mmHg) | ≥4 times/week | 3.81 | −8.77 | 16.39 | 0.54 | −5.34 | −12.06 | 1.37 | 0.12 | −2.60 | −8.60 | 3.40 | 0.39 | |
Ageb
| 5.34 | 1.97 | 8.71 | 0.0027 | 5.38 | 3.46 | 7.31 |
p < 0.0001 | 5.58 | 3.91 | 7.24 |
p < 0.0001 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | −9.30 | −13.67 | −4.93 |
p < 0.0001 | |
Education | College/University | −6.49 | −18.80 | 5.81 | 0.29 | −0.85 | −5.42 | 3.72 | 0.71 | −1.77 | −6.27 | 2.72 | 0.44 |
Female (n = 43) | Male (n = 78) | All (n = 121) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Covariate | Category | β | 95 % CI |
p
| β | 95 % CI |
p
| β | 95 % CI |
P
| |||
Diastolic BPc
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | −1.20 | −5.90 | 3.51 | 0.61 | 0.26 | −3.24 | 3.76 | 0.88 | −0.32 | −3.09 | 2.45 | 0.82 |
(mmHg) | ≥4 times/week | −0.64 | −7.47 | 6.18 | 0.85 | −6.24 | −10.89 | −1.59 | 0.0093 | −4.35 | −8.14 | −0.57 | 0.024 | |
Ageb
| 2.55 | 0.72 | 4.38 | 0.0077 | 2.45 | 1.12 | 3.79 | 0.00046 | 2.57 | 1.51 | 3.62 |
p < 0.0001 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | −5.83 | −8.58 | −3.08 |
p < 0.0001 | |
Education | College/University | −0.59 | −7.26 | 6.09 | 0.86 | −0.91 | −4.08 | 2.26 | 0.57 | −0.68 | −3.51 | 2.15 | 0.63 | |
RHRd
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | −5.50 | −12.23 | 1.22 | 0.11 | −3.72 | −8.25 | 0.81 | 0.11 | −4.25 | −7.99 | −0.51 | 0.026 |
(bpm) | ≥4 times/week | −1.74 | −11.51 | 8.02 | 0.72 | −7.75 | −13.76 | −1.74 | 0.012 | −5.31 | −10.41 | −0.20 | 0.042 | |
Ageb
| −1.05 | −3.66 | 1.57 | 0.42 | −1.94 | −3.67 | −0.22 | 0.028 | −1.71 | −3.13 | −0.29 | 0.018 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | 3.55 | −0.1 | 7.27 | 0.061 | |
Education | College/University | 2.95 | −6.60 | 12.50 | 0.54 | −4.62 | −8.72 | −0.52 | 0.028 | −3.00 | −6.82 | 0.82 | 0.12 | |
VO2max
e
| Exercisea
| 2–3 times/week | 4.68 | −2.68 | 12.04 | 0.2 | 3.90 | −1.27 | 9.07 | 0.13 | 4.67 | 0.50 | 8.83 | 0.029 |
(mL ∙ kg−1∙ min−1) | > = 4 times/week | −2.98 | −13.79 | 7.84 | 0.57 | 7.19 | 0.64 | 13.74 | 0.033 | 3.77 | −1.81 | 9.34 | 0.18 | |
Ageb
| −2.48 | −5.54 | 0.57 | 0.1 | −1.43 | −3.38 | 0.52 | 0.14 | −2.02 | −3.64 | −0.41 | 0.015 | ||
Gender | Female | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | −6.49 | −10.56 | −2.42 | 0.0024 | |
Education | College/University | 1.73 | −9.62 | 13.08 | 0.75 | 4.29 | −0.54 | 9.13 | 0.079 | 3.43 | −1.07 | 7.93 | 0.13 |
Changes in health outcomes between baseline and follow-up
Maximal oxygen uptake
Diastolic blood pressure
Total cholesterol
Low density lipoprotein
Female | Male | All | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | n | obs | β | 95 % CI |
p
|
n
| obs | β | 95 % CI |
p
|
n
| obs | β | 95 % CI |
p
| |||
HbA1c | 42 | 76 | −0.03 | −0.08 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 74 | 134 | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 116 | 210 | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.16 |
Tot. chol. | 41 | 77 | −0.25 | −0.42 | −0.09 | 0.0043 | 77 | 138 | −0.03 | −0.17 | 0.11 | 0.68 | 118 | 215 | −0.12 | −0.22 | −0.01 | 0.032 |
LDL | 41 | 76 | −0.26 | −0.38 | −0.13 | 0.00024 | 77 | 138 | −0.05 | −0.16 | 0.06 | 0.37 | 117 | 214 | −0.13 | −0.22 | −0.04 | 0.0034 |
HDL | 41 | 77 | −0.03 | −0.10 | 0.04 | 0.4 | 77 | 138 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 117 | 215 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.83 |
CRPa
| 42 | 77 | −0.10 | −0.35 | 0.15 | 0.4 | 77 | 138 | −0.13 | −0.35 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 118 | 215 | −0.13 | −0.29 | 0.03 | 0.11 |
Systolic BP | 43 | 78 | −1.63 | −4.81 | 1.55 | 0.31 | 78 | 141 | 1.84 | −0.80 | 4.47 | 0.17 | 120 | 219 | 0.53 | −1.50 | 2.57 | 0.6 |
Diastolic BP | 43 | 78 | 0.15 | −2.14 | 2.44 | 0.89 | 78 | 141 | 2.58 | 0.72 | 4.44 | 0.0074 | 120 | 219 | 1.67 | 0.23 | 3.12 | 0.024 |
RHR | 43 | 78 | −1.56 | −4.39 | 1.27 | 0.27 | 78 | 141 | 1.96 | −0.11 | 4.02 | 0.062 | 120 | 219 | 0.68 | −1.00 | 2.36 | 0.43 |
VO2max
| 20 | 55 | 2.08 | 0.23 | 3.94 | 0.03 | 32 | 55 | 3.47 | 1.38 | 5.55 | 0.0023 | 52 | 110 | 2.84 | 1.43 | 4.25 | 0.00022 |