Background
Methods
Participants
Sickness absence
Physical and mental health functioning
Covariates
Statistical methods
Results
Baseline (year 2007) variable | n (%) | Medically certified sickness absence* in 2004-2007 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–13 days n (%) | 14–30 days n (%) | 31–60 days n (%) | >60 days n (%) | ||
3079 (100) | 2141 (70) | 416 (14) | 236 (7) | 286 (9) | |
Gender | |||||
Women | 2512 (82) | 1701 (79) | 360 (87) | 236 (87) | 246 (86) |
Men | 567 (18) | 440 (21) | 56 (13) | 31 (13) | 40 (14) |
Age, mean (SD) | 47.1 (5.4) | 46.9 (5.4) | 47.3 (5.4) | 47.1 (5.4) | 47.9 (5.4) |
Occupational class | |||||
Managers/professionals | 1067 (35) | 841(39) | 104 (25) | 62 (26) | 60 (20) |
Semi-professionals | 740 (24) | 528 (25) | 100 (24) | 50 (21) | 62 (22) |
Routine non-manuals | 935 (30) | 571(27) | 151 (36) | 99 (42) | 114 (40) |
Manual workers | 337 (11) | 201 (9) | 61 (15) | 25 (11) | 50 (18) |
Old-age retirement between 2007 and 2012 | |||||
No | 2322 (75) | 1650 (77) | 310 (74) | 171 (73) | 191 (66) |
Yes | 757 (25) | 491 (23) | 106 (26) | 65 (28) | 95 (33) |
Health functioning | |||||
PCS score, mean (SD) | 49.6 (7.8) | 51.0 (6.7) | 48.1 (8.1) | 47.1 (8.5) | 43.7 (10.1) |
MCS score, mean (SD) | 52.2 (9.3) | 52.6 (8.6) | 52.2 (9.5) | 51.5 (10.5) | 49.7 (12.0) |
Physical health functioning
Absence days in 2004–2007: | 2007 | 2012 | Change from 2007 to 2012 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | β | (95% CI) | |
PCS | ||||||
Model 1 | ||||||
All
|
−0.9
| (−1.2 to−0.7) | ||||
0–13 days* | ref. | ref. | −1.2 | (−1.5 to−0.9) | ||
14–30 days** | −2.7 | (−3.5 to−2.0) | −2.5 | (−3.3 to−1.6) | −0.9 | (−1.7 to−0.1) |
31–60 days** | −3.8 | (−4.8 to−2.8) | −3.4 | (−4.5 to−2.3) | −0.8 | (−1.9 to 0.3) |
>60 days ** | −7.1 | (−8.0 to−6.2) | −5.1 | (−6.1 to−4.1) | 0.8 | (−0.3 to 2.0) |
Model 2 | ||||||
All
| −0.9
| (−1.2 to−0.7) | ||||
0–13 days | ref. | ref. | −1.2 | (−1.5 to−0.9) | ||
14–30 days | −2.5 | (−3.2 to−1.7) | −2.1 | (−3.0 to−1.3) | −0.9 | (−1.6 to−0.1) |
31–60 days | −3.5 | (−4.5 to −2.5) | −3.1 | (−4.1 to−2.0) | −0.8 | (−1.9 to 0.3) |
>60 days | −6.7 | (−7.6 to−5.8) | −4.6 | (−5.6 to−3.6) | 0.8 | (−0.3 to 1.9) |
MCS | ||||||
Model 1 | ||||||
All
|
1.0
| (0.6 to 1.3) | ||||
0–13 days | ref. | ref. | 0.7 | (0.3 to 1.1) | ||
14–30 days | −0.5 | (−1.5 to 0.5) | 0.1 | (−0.8 to 1.0) | 1.4 | (0.5 to 2.3) |
31–60 days | −1.2 | (−2.5 to 0.1) | −0.6 | (−1.8 to 0.5) | 1.3 | (−0.1 to 2.7) |
>60 days | −3.0 | (−4.1 to −1.8) | −1.6 | (−2.7 to−0.5) | 2.1 | (0.7 to 3.6) |
Model 2 | ||||||
All
|
1.0
| (0.6 to 1.3) | ||||
0–13 days | ref. | ref. | 0.7 | (0.3 to 1.1) | ||
14–30 days | −0.7 | (−1.7 to 0.3) | −0.0 | (−0.9 to 0.9) | 1.4 | (0.5 to 2.3) |
31–60 days | −1.4 | (−2.6 to −0.1) | −0.8 | (−2.0 to 0.4) | 1.3 | (−0.1 to 2.7) |
>60 days | −3.2 | (−4.3 to −2.0) | −1.8 | (−2.9 to−0.7) | 2.1 | (0.7 to 3.5) |
Diagnosis of sickness absence* in 2004–2007: | 2007 | 2012 | Change from 2007 to 2012 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |
Model 1 | ||||||
Musculoskeletal disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −1.1 | (−1.4 to−0.9) | ||
Yes
| −6.8 | (−7.7 to−5.9) | −4.9 | (−5.9 to−3.9) | 0.8 | (−0.3 to 1.8) |
Mental disorders | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −0.9 | (−1.2 to−0.6) | ||
Yes
| −1.2 | (−2.4 to 0.1) | −1.9 | (−3.2 to−0.6) | −1.7 | (−3.0 to−0.4) |
External causes | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −0.9 | (−1.2 to−0.7) | ||
Yes
| −1.5 | (−2.7 to−0.2) | −1.9 | (−3.3 to−0.6) | −1.4 | (−2.8 to 0.0) |
Respiratory disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −0.9 | (−1.2 to−0.7) | ||
Yes
| −3.7 | (−5.4 to−1.9) | −4.6 | (−6.5 to−2.7) | −1.8 | (−4.2 to 0.6) |
Other | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −1.0 | (−1.3 to−0.8) | ||
Yes
| −3.1 | (−3.9 to−2.2) | −2.1 | (−3.0 to−1.2) | −0.0 | (−0.9 to 0.9) |
Model 2 | ||||||
Musculoskeletal disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −1.1 | (−1.4 to−0.9) | ||
Yes
| −6.2 | (−7.1 to−5.3) | −4.3 | (−5.2 to−3.3) | 0.8 | (−0.3 to 1.9) |
Mental disorders | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −0.9 | (−1.2 to−0.6) | ||
Yes
| −0.9 | (−2.1 to 0.3) | −1.7 | (−3.0 to−0.4) | −1.7 | (−3.0 to−0.4) |
External causes | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −0.9 | (−1.2 to−0.7) | ||
Yes
| −1.2 | (−2.5 to 0.0) | −1.7 | (−3.0 to−0.4) | −1.3 | (−2.7 to 0.0) |
Respiratory disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −0.9 | (−1.2 to−0.6) | ||
Yes
| −3.6 | (−5.3 to−1.8) | −4.4 | (−6.3 to−2.5) | −1.7 | (−4.1 to 0.6) |
Other | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | −1.1 | (−1.4 to−0.8) | ||
Yes
| −2.8 | (−3.7 to−2.0) | −1.8 | (−2.7 to−0.9) | −0.0 | (−0.9 to 0.9) |
Mental health functioning
Diagnosis of sickness absence* in 2004–2007: | 2007 | 2012 | Change from 2007 to 2012 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | (95% CI) | Mean | 95% CI | Mean | 95% CI | |
Model 1 | ||||||
Musculoskeletal disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 1.1 | (0.8 to 1.4) | ||
Yes
| 1.0 | (−0.1 to 2.1) | −0.2 | (−1.3 to 0.8) | −0.1 | (−1.3 to 1.0) |
Mental disorders | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 0.8 | (0.4 to 1.1) | ||
Yes
| −7.0 | (−8.5 to−5.5) | −2.8 | (−4.2 to−1.4) | 5.0 | (2.8 to 7.3) |
External causes | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.2) | ||
Yes
| 0.0 | (−1.5 to 1.6) | 1.5 | (0.0 to 2.9) | 2.4 | (0.8 to 3.9) |
Respiratory disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 1.0 | (0.6 to 1.3) | ||
Yes
| −1.0 | (−3.2 to 1.2) | −1.1 | (−3.2 to 0.9) | 1.0 | (−1.4 to 3.3) |
Other | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.3) | ||
Yes
| −1.3 | (−2.4 to−0.3) | −1.0 | (−2.1 to−0.1) | 1.3 | (0.2 to 2.4) |
Model 2 | ||||||
Musculoskeletal disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 1.1 | (0.8 to 1.4) | ||
Yes
| 0.9 | (−0.2 to 2.0) | −0.4 | (−1.5 to 0.6) | −0.1 | (−1.3 to 1.0) |
Mental disorders | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 0.8 | (0.4 to 1.1) | ||
Yes
| −7.1 | (−8.5 to−5.6) | −2.9 | (−4.3 to−1.5) | 5.0 | (2.8 to 7.3) |
External causes | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.2) | ||
Yes
| −0.1 | (−1.6 to 1.4) | 1.4 | (−0.1 to 2.8) | 2.3 | (0.8 to 3.9) |
Respiratory disease | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 0.9 | (0.7 to 1.3) | ||
Yes
| −1.1 | (−3.2 to 1.0) | −1.2 | (−3.2 to 0.9) | 0.9 | (−1.4 to 3.3) |
Other | ||||||
No
| ref. | ref. | 0.9 | (0.6 to 1.3) | ||
Yes
| −1.4 | (−2.5 to−0.4) | −1.1 | (−2.1 to−0.1) | 1.3 | (0.1 to 2.4) |