Background
Spasticity is one negative symptom which can occur following central nervous system impairment[1, 2]. Spasticity is defined as a velocity-dependent increase in stretch reflex with exaggerated tendon jerks[1]. This motor disorder can have a profound impact on health outcomes and quality of life. It is associated with pain[3], and often has a negative impact on function, self-esteem and body image[4]. General health can suffer as spasticity leads to difficulties in hygiene and maintaining skin integrity in affected limbs with consequent infection common[5]. Treatment of spasticity and management of consequences of this motor disorder is an unending, expensive and time intensive task for health services and the people affected by it, with results recognized to be ‘less than satisfactory’[6]. There is an urgent need to identify treatment that is safe, effective and efficient[7]. In the past decade, traditional rehabilitation for this motor disorder, such as occupational and physical therapy, has been augmented by pharmacotherapy, such as Botulinum Toxin-A, which has been demonstrated to reduce spasticity[8]. The effect from pharmacotherapy is temporary so there is interest in the adjunct effects of physical therapies, since the rehabilitation goals of patients are long term. Typical goals include: increasing range of motion (ROM), improving limb position and performance of activities, and ensuring skin integrity[9‐11].
Following BoNT-A injection, physical therapies can be used, such as stretching, casting, strengthening exercises, splinting and movement training often in the context of functional activities where normal movement patterns are encouraged[2, 6, 12, 13]. These physical therapies post-BoNT-A injection are thought to improve ROM and function in patients with motor disorders following neurological impairment. Both BoNT-A and physical therapies have been shown, together and separately, to have an impact on health outcomes, such as walking ability[14, 15]. To date, however, no study has examined the cumulative evidence regarding combined BoNT-A and physical therapies for treatment of spasticity in upper or lower limbs of adult patients with neurological impairment. Given the cost and scale of the service provided, and the breadth and complexity of health and quality of life problems involved, a review that provides a comprehensive summary of evidence relating to this problem and intervention is urgently needed.
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Methods
This systematic review will identify and summarize evidence on physical therapies used after Botulinum toxin-A injection to improve motor function in adults with neurological impairments. In summarizing evidence, the review will evaluate the effectiveness of physical therapies used post-BoNT-A injection for improving motor function in this patient population. Inclusion criteria for studies in the review now follow.
Types of studies
Eligible studies will be randomizsed controlled trials and quasi-randomized controlled trials. Only the first arm of cross-over trials will be included.
Types of participants
Eligible participants will be aged 16 years and over with a neurological impairment (central nervous system damage) and have received BoNT-A injections in their limb muscles up to three months prior to study rehabilitation commencement for spasticity management.
Types of interventions
Physical rehabilitation interventions provided to patients who have received BoNT-A to the upper or lower limb, including casting, splinting, stretching, movement training, exercises, strengthening or electrical stimulation, are compared with sham or no physical therapy.
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Types of outcome measures
Primary outcomes
1.
Measures of range of movement, such as goniometry or torque-controlled range of movement.
2.
Measures of improved functional limb use or active movement of the affected limb as measured on the Action Research Arm Test, the Motor Activity Log (assessment or self report), Wolf Motor Function Test, Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor function, Box and Blocks test, velocity of gait (meters/second) and step length.
3.
Measures of reduced spasticity as measured by the Modified Ashworth Scale.
Secondary outcomes
1.
Health-related quality of life
2.
Caregiver/attendant care time and/or number
3.
Discharge destination/living situation
4.
Rehabilitation length of stay
5.
Mortality
6.
Adverse events
Studies will be excluded if:
i)
The study design investigated diagnostic or prognostic factors/relationships
ii)
Less than 50% of the interventions were applied to the upper or lower limb
iii)
Outcomes from physical therapies were not able to be differentiated from the outcomes of other therapies provided simultaneously to participants.
Search strategy
The following databases will be electronically searched for all available years: PEDro, CENTRAL, Pub Med, EMBASE, CINAHL, National Research Register, Meta Registry of Controlled Trials and Occupational Therapy Systematic Evaluation of Effectiveness database (OTseeker). The search will not be limited by date or publication status. We will check the reference lists of any eligible studies identified for further relevant studies. Unpublished, non-peer reviewed sources, such as conference abstracts, will not be included (refer to appendix 1.)
Two authors will independently review all potential studies for inclusion against the eligibility criteria. They will examine the title and abstract and, where necessary, the full text of studies to assess if they are eligible for inclusion. If they cannot reach agreement by discussion, a third author will make the final decision about eligibility.
Data extraction
Two authors will independently use a standard form to extract study characteristics and outcome data from the studies. Discrepancies will be checked against the original data. A third author will make the final decision if there is a disagreement. One author (BK) will enter data in Revman meta-analysis software (Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011)[16]. Data will be reported during therapy as well as at end of therapy. Any outcomes measured after therapy has finished will be grouped as less than one month, one to six months, and over six months.
Quality assessment
Methodological quality will be assessed using the PEDro scale by one reviewer (BK). The PEDro scale has established reliability and provides a score out of 10[17]. Studies which attain a PEDro score of 7 or greater are considered ‘high quality’, those with a PEDro score of 5 or 6 are considered ‘moderate quality’ and those with a PEDro score of 4 or less are considered ‘poor quality’ in terms of study methods and susceptibility to bias[18]. Adequacy of concealment will additionally be rated using the procedure outlined by Schulz[19]. The methodological quality of included observational studies will be assessed independently by two raters using the MOOSE (Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines[20]. Scores will be based on all information available from both the published version and the authors themselves. No trial will be excluded on the basis of poor quality.
Data analysis
Analysis of covariance-adjusted between-group means and standard deviations will be extracted in preference to between-group differences in change scores, and between-group differences in change scores will be extracted in preference to between group differences in final scores. If studies reported data as medians and interquartile ranges, medians will be used as a surrogate for means and standard deviations were estimated as 80% of the interquartile range (studies which do not report an interquartile range (IQR) will be excluded from the meta-analysis). For continuous outcome measures, a pooled estimate of treatment effect will be determined by calculating the mean difference and the corresponding 95% CIs. For dichotomous outcome measures, a pooled estimate of treatment effect will be calculated for each outcome across studies using risk ratio where appropriate and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Time-to-event data will be analyzed using the hazard ratio and 95% CIs as required. When conducting a meta-analysis combining results from crossover studies, the first-arm data only will be used. In the event of missing, incomplete or unclear data, the original investigators will be contacted. If it is not possible to obtain the necessary data for analysis, the study results will be described in the text and will not be included in the meta-analysis.
When there are at least two clinically homogenous studies (studies which investigated the effect of similar interventions on similar populations and reported similar outcomes) meta-analysis will be considered. In such circumstances, the I2 statistic will be used to quantify the heterogeneity of outcomes and informed decisions about whether to pool data. Where I2 is greater than 30% in the presence of significant chi-squared test result (P-value < 0.10), this will be interpreted as indicating heterogeneity[21]. If there is significant heterogeneity (over 50%), data will not be pooled.
We will enter data extracted from included studies into RevMan software[16]. Meta-analyses of clinically homogenous therapies will be conducted using a fixed-effects model. Where heterogeneity is substantial (I2 > 50%), the possible causes of heterogeneity will be explored in sensitivity analyses in which individual studies will be omitted one at a time. Should heterogeneity not be able to be explained, a random-effects model will be used.
Sensitivity analysis
The robustness of our results will be tested through sensitivity analyses excluding unpublished studies, small studies and studies with a PEDro score less than 5.
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Discussion
Spasticity can be a significant causal factor in patients’ decreasing functional limb use and mobility, often compounding the difficulties faced in rehabilitation by patients with motor weakness and impairment. Reviewing the effectiveness of therapies provided after BoNT-A and the effects on spasticity, movement and function will provide much needed guidance to therapists, as well as policy and funding guidance to health departments in how to provide the most effective interventions.
There are currently no evidence-based guidelines for the physical rehabilitation that should be provided to adults with neurological impairment who have received Botulinum toxin–A injections in the upper or lower limb. Recent European international consensus guidelines[22] and national treatment guidelines[23] do not recommend a protocol for physical rehabilitation when provided as an adjunct to Botulinum toxin injection. Instead, evidence is available from completed and ongoing trials in the area of stroke rehabilitation where different post Botulinum toxin injection physical rehabilitation interventions are compared with each other, other forms of therapy or no therapy. Internationally, Botulinum toxin-A has regulatory approval for upper and lower limb injection in adults with neurological conditions. This review considers whether physical rehabilitation following such injection has an effect on functional outcomes.
Appendix 1
A.1. PEDro Search Strategy
1.
Spasticity
2.
Botulinum toxin
A.2. CENTRAL Search Strategy
1.
Spasticity (key word, title, abstract)
2.
Botulinum toxin (key word, title, abstract)
3.
Therapy (key word, title, abstract)
4.
Adults (key word, title, abstract)
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A.3. PubMed Search Strategy
1.
Muscle spasticity/
2.
Spastic.tw
3.
Muscle tonus
4.
Hyperton$
5.
((muscle* or muscular) adj3 (spasm* or cramp or spastic* or clonus).ab, ti.
6.
or/1–5
7.
Stroke/
8.
Cerebrovascular disorders
9.
exp brain ischemia
10.
brain/or exp intracranial arterial diseases
11.
exp “intracranial embolism and thrombosis”
12.
exp intracranial haemorrhages/
13.
((stroke$ or post stroke$ or post- stroke$ or cva$).tw.)
14.
((cerebrovascular cerebral vascular) adj3 (accident? or insult?).tw.)
15.
(((cerebral or brain$ or vertebrobasilar) adj5 (infarc$ or isch?emi$ or thrombo$ or apoplexy or emboli$)).t.w.)
16.
((cerebral or brain or subarachnoid) adj5 (haemorrhage or hemorrhage or haematoma or hematoma or bleed)).tw.)
17.
(((trauma$ or acquired) adj5 brain injur$).tw.)
18.
(exp brain injuries/)
19.
brain damage, chronic/or brain injury, chronic/)
20.
(exp craniocerebral trauma/or head injuries, closed/or intracranial hemorrhage, traumatic/)
21.
(exp encephalitis/or exp meningitis, viral/or brain abscess/or exp central nervous system infections)
22.
((encephalitis or meningitis or brain abscess or brain infection$ or cerebral infection$).tw.)
23.
(exp Brain Neoplasms/)
24.
(((brain or cerebr$) adj5 (neoplasm$ or lesion$ or tumor$)).tw.)
25.
Brain injuries/
26.
Traumatic brain injury*
27.
Spinal injuries/
28.
exp Spinal cord injuries
29.
(spinal cord adj3 (injur* or damage* or contusion* or lacerat* or trauma*)).ab,ti.
30.
28 or 29 or 30
31.
Cerebral palsy or CP
32.
cerebral pals$.tw
33.
Multiple sclerosis or MS
34.
((((“Multiple Sclerosis”[mh]) OR (“Myelitis, Transverse”[mh:noexp]) OR (“Demyelinating Diseases”[mh:noexp]) OR (“Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated”[mh:noexp]) OR (“Optic Neuritis”[mh])) OR (((“multiple sclerosis”) OR (“neuromyelitis optica”) OR (“transverse myelitis”) OR (encephalomyelitis) OR (devic) OR (“optic neuritis”)) OR (“demyelinating disease*”) OR (“acute disseminated encephalomyelitis”)))
35.
Hemiplegia/
36.
Hemiplegi$.tw
37.
Monoplegi$.tw
38.
Triplegi$.tw
39.
Quadriplegia/
40.
Quadriplegi$.tw
41.
or/7–40
42.
exp Botulinum Toxins/
43.
Botulinum toxin type a/
44.
Botulin$.tw
45.
Botox.tx
46.
Dysport. tw
47.
Muscle spasticity/dt [Drug therapy]
48.
Muscle tonus/de [Drug effects]
49.
or/42–48
50.
physical therapy.tw
51.
Physical therapy modalities/
52.
Exercise therapy/
53.
Occupational therapy/
54.
Exercise movement techniques/
55.
Rehabilitation/
56.
Splints/
57.
Casts, Surgical/
58.
Treatment outcome/
59.
Orthotic devices/
60.
or/46–55
61.
clinical trial.pt
62.
controlled clinical trial.pt.
63.
clinical trials as topic.sh.
64.
trial.ti.
65.
randomi?ed.ab.
66.
randomized controlled trial.pt
67.
randomly.a.b.
68.
or/57–63
69.
humans.sh
70.
6 and 41 and 49 and 60 and 68 and 69
A.4. CINAHL Search Strategy
1.
Muscle spasticity
2.
Muscle tonus
3.
Muscle hypertonia
4.
Muscle cramp
5.
Muscles
6.
Or/1–5
7.
Stroke
8.
Cerebrovascular disorders
9.
Cerebral ischemia
10.
Brain
11.
Intracranial arterial diseases
12.
Intracranial embolism and thrombosis
13.
Cerebral aneurysm
14.
Hemorrhage
15.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
16.
Infarction
17.
Hypoxia, brain
18.
Brain death
19.
Brain damage, chronic
20.
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
21.
Encephalitis
22.
Meningitis, viral
23.
Brain abscess
24.
Brain neoplasms
25.
Brain injuries
26.
Spinal injuries
27.
Spinal cord injuries
28.
Spinal cord neoplasms
29.
Cerebral palsy
30.
Multiple sclerosis
31.
Myelitis
32.
Encephalomyelitis, acute disseminated
33.
Demyelinating autoimmune diseases, CNS
34.
Hemiplegia
35.
Quadriplegia
36.
Or/7–35
37.
Botulinum Toxins
38.
Botulism
39.
Drug Therapy
40.
or/37–39
41.
Physical therapy
42.
Physical therapy assessment
43.
Physical therapy service
44.
Therapeutic exercise
45.
Occupational Therapy
46.
Occupational Therapy assessment
47.
Rehabilitation
48.
Splints
49.
Casts
50.
Treatment outcomes
51.
Orthoses
52.
Or/41–51
53.
Human
54.
Adult
55.
53 or 54
56.
6 and 36 and 40 and 52 and 55
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges scholarly and project support from Associate Professor Natasha Lannin, Professor Anne Cusick and Associate Professor Lisa Harvey. Acknowledgement is also given to Dr. Barry Rawicki for guidance regarding medical considerations in the data base search strategies.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The author had an untied educational grant of $3,000 from Allergan Australia Pty Ltd to support her systematic review methodology skill development at independently conducted workshops. She has no other financial relationship with any organization that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years. The study is being conducted as part of the author’s PhD program, under supervision of independently funded senior academics at the University of Wollongong (Anne Cusick) and at La Trobe University (Natasha Lannin).