Background
Methods
Participants
Study procedures and measurements
Statistical analyses
Results
Alterations in physiological, hematological and biochemical measurements
Measurements at sea-level | Measurements at 3700 m |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | |||
Age, y | 21.87 ± 3.33 | the same as sea-level | – |
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.06 ± 1.99 | the same as sea-level | – |
chest circumstance, cm | 86.11 ± 5.09 | the same as sea-level | – |
Smoking, yes(%) | 102 (32.1) | the same as sea-level | – |
Drinking, yes(%) | 39 (12.3) | the same as sea-level | – |
Physical parameters | |||
SpO2, % | 98.00 (98.00–98.20) | 88.00 (85.10–90.20) | < 0.001** |
HR, beats/min | 67.49 ± 9.18 | 84.17 ± 12.15 | < 0.001** |
SBP, mmHg | 111.22 ± 9.81 | 120.52 ± 12.8 | < 0.001** |
DBP, mmHg | 71.85 ± 8.14 | 81.77 ± 9.56 | < 0.001** |
Hematological parameters | |||
RBC, *1012 | 5.00 (4.80–5.20) | 5.11 (4.82–5.49) | < 0.001** |
Hgb, g/L | 151.10 (144.00–157.00) | 157.00 (147.00–169.30) | < 0.001** |
Hct, % | 44.49 ± 3.10 | 48.42 ± 6.08 | < 0.001** |
MCV, fL | 92.20 (90.00–94.22) | 86.50 (84.40–88.62) | < 0.001** |
MCH, pg | 30.59 (29.61–31.30) | 30.90 (30.20–32.10) | < 0.001** |
PLT, *109 | 206.79 ± 44.77 | 244.97 ± 69.80 | < 0.001** |
MPV, fL | 10.50 (9.80–11.00) | 10.60 (10.20–11.00) | 0.006** |
WBC, *109 | 6.10 (5.40–7.10) | 7.90 (7.00–9.50) | < 0.001** |
LYM%, % | 36.23 ± 7.59 | 36.49 ± 9.06 | 0.833 |
LYM#, *109 | 2.20 (1.90–2.60) | 2.95 (2.50–3.40) | < 0.001** |
Biochemical parameters | |||
ALT, U/L | 18.00 (15.00–23.00) | 39.20 (30.40–48.50) | < 0.001** |
AST, U/L | 15.10 (12.30–18.50) | 31.00 (25.50–40.60) | < 0.001** |
BUN, mmol/L | 4.45 (3.89–5.28) | 4.60 (4.10–5.25) | 0.109 |
CREA, umol/L | 58.00 (49.00–68.10) | 105.40 (98.60–114.00) | < 0.001** |
TBIL, umol/L | 12.60 (10.80–14.00) | 12.30 (10.20–15.65) | 0.023* |
DBIL, umol/L | 3.10 (2.30–3.50) | 4.70 (3.90–5.80) | < 0.001** |
IBIL, umol/L | 9.70 (8.50–10.50) | 7.70 (5.80–10.65) | < 0.001** |
Comparison of physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters between the HAH+ and HAH- groups
Measurements at sea level | Measurements at 3700 m | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HAH+ (n = 238) | HAH- (n = 80) |
p
| HAH+ (n = 238) | HAH- (n = 80) |
p
| |
Demographic data | ||||||
Age (year) | 22.05 ± 3.53 | 21.30 ± 2.69 | 0.046* | The same as sea-levels | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.08 ± 2.02 | 21.96 ± 1.86 | 0.662 | The same as sea-levels | ||
Chest Circumstance (cm) | 86.19 ± 5.30 | 86.04 ± 4.59 | 0.813 | The same as sea-levels | ||
Smoking (yes, %) | 73 (30.7) | 29 (36.3) | 0.417 | The same as sea-levels | ||
Drinking (yes, %) | 29 (12.2) | 10 (12.5) | 0.978 | The same as sea-levels | ||
Physiological parameters | ||||||
SpO2 (%) | 98.00 (97.90–98.00) | 98.00 (98.00–98.00) | 0.171 | 88.00 (84.90–90.40) | 90.00 (87.30–92.10) | < 0.001** |
HR (beats/min) | 67.72 ± 8.99 | 66.91 ± 9.86 | 0.522 | 85.30 ± 12.09 | 80.77 ± 11.75 | < 0.001** |
SBP (mmHg) | 110.97 ± 10.09 | 111.98 ± 8.88 | 0.405 | 119.74 ± 13.10 | 123.41 ± 11.10 | 0.046* |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.69 ± 8.23 | 72.30 ± 7.91 | 0.569 | 81.42 ± 9.86 | 82.99 ± 8.39 | 0.251 |
Hematological parameters | ||||||
RBC (*1012) | 5.00 (4.80–5.20) | 5.00 (4.70–5.20) | 0.559 | 5.10 (4.83–5.48) | 5.11 (4.75–5.55) | 0.955 |
Hgb (g/L) | 151.30 (144.00–157.00) | 150.00 (143.80–158.10) | 0.945 | 157.00 (149.60–168.30) | 157.00 (144.50–170.40) | 0.641 |
Hct (%) | 45.69 ± 2.46 | 45.70 ± 2.49 | 0.981 | 48.61 ± 5.95 | 47.83 ± 6.47 | 0.364 |
MCV (fL) | 92.30 (90.00–94.75) | 92.00 (90.20–94.10) | 0.598 | 86.50 (84.40–88.92) | 86.40 (84.30–87.75) | 0.336 |
MCH (pg) | 30.60 (29.59–31.36) | 30.59 (29.73–31.02) | 0.459 | 30.90 (29.95–32.10) | 31.00 (30.18–31.75) | 0.939 |
PLT (*109) | 207.95 ± 44.97 | 203.33 ± 44.27 | 0.438 | 244.8 ± 68.6 | 245.3 ± 73.8 | 0.960 |
MPV (fL) | 10.50 (9.80–11.02) | 10.40 (9.70–10.91) | 0.326 | 10.60 (10.20–11.03) | 10.60 (10.30–11.00) | 0.965 |
WBC (*109) | 6.00 (5.40–7.00) | 6.50 (5.50–7.35) | 0.090 | 7.90 (7.10–9.50) | 7.95 (6.98–9.38) | 0.791 |
LYM rate (%) | 36.60 ± 7.58 | 35.12 ± 7.56 | 0.144 | 36.53 ± 9.68 | 36.36 ± 6.89 | 0.871 |
LYM count (*109) | 2.20 (1.90–2.60) | 2.15 (1.90–2.60) | 0.703 | 3.00 (2.51–3.40) | 2.95 (2.58–3.50) | 0.910 |
Biochemical parameters | ||||||
ALT (U/L) | 18.10 (15.00–24.10) | 18.00 (14.00–21.00) | 0.187 | 39.20 (28.50–49.30) | 39.00 (29.30–46.80) | 0.563 |
AST (U/L) | 15.20 (12.00–20.00) | 14.00 (12.10–17.75) | 0.237 | 31.00 (25.00–40.25) | 32.00 (27.20–38.50) | 0.581 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 4.38 (3.82–5.08) | 4.69 (3.99–5.53) | 0.029* | 4.50 (4.02–5.20) | 4.80 (4.40–5.40) | 0.003** |
CREA (umol/L) | 58.00 (49.00–65.00) | 59.00 (50.10–68.20) | 0.082 | 105.30 (98.50–115.00) | 106.80 (99.70–113.30) | 0.811 |
TBIL (umol/L) | 12.50 (10.80–14.00) | 12.70 (10.85–14.00) | 0.876 | 12.75 (10.20–15.75) | 12.90 (10.20–15.50) | 0.709 |
DBIL (umol/L) | 3.10 (2.30–3.50) | 3.10 (2.15–3.50) | 0.553 | 4.85 (3.90–5.90) | 4.60 (3.80–5.80) | 0.274 |
IBIL (umol/L) | 9.60 (8.50–10.43) | 9.90 (8.50–10.55) | 0.933 | 7.60 (5.80–10.70) | 7.80 (6.00–10.40) | 0.877 |
Relationship between physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters and HAH
Measurements at sea-level | Measurements at 3700 m | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
With HAH score r |
p
| With HAH score r |
p
| |
Demographic data | ||||
Age (y) | 0.113 | 0.053 | The same as sea-level | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.087 | 0.129 | The same as sea-level | |
Chest Circumstance (cm) | 0.079 | 0.187 | The same as sea-level | |
Physical parameters | ||||
SpO2 (%) | −0.085 | 0.168 | −0.365 | < 0.001** |
HR (beats/min) | 0.003 | 0.859 | 0.249 | 0.002** |
SBP (mmHg) | −0.049 | 0.471 | −0.050 | 0.518 |
DBP (mmHg) | −0.073 | 0.246 | −0.008 | 0.865 |
Metabolic parameters | ||||
RBC (*1012) | 0.013 | 0.984 | 0.041 | 0.468 |
HGB (g/L) | 0.008 | 0.910 | 0.046 | 0.358 |
HCT (%) | 0.015 | 0.976 | 0.056 | 0.333 |
MCV (fL) | −0.012 | 0.927 | −0.008 | 0.620 |
MCH (pg) | 0.020 | 0.640 | −0.042 | 0.941 |
PLT (*109) | 0.057 | 0.336 | −0.021 | 0.420 |
MPV (fL) | 0.077 | 0.428 | −0.023 | 0.871 |
WBC (*109) | −0.102 | 0.131 | 0.081 | 0.900 |
LYM% (%) | 0.024 | 0.688 | −0.061 | 0.341 |
LYM# (*109) | 0.035 | 0.687 | 0.017 | 0.278 |
Biochemical parameters | ||||
ALT (U/L) | 0.072 | 0.388 | 0.056 | 0.987 |
AST (U/L) | 0.065 | 0.446 | −0.051 | 0.100 |
BUN (mmol/L) | −0.071 | 0.211 | −0.176 | 0.006** |
CREA (umol/L) | −0.045 | 0.425 | 0.009 | 0.759 |
TBIL (umol/L) | −0.004 | 0.845 | 0.105 | 0.657 |
DBIL (umol/L) | 0.037 | 0.581 | 0.034 | 0.672 |
IBIL (umol/L) | −0.027 | 0.539 | 0.106 | 0.583 |
Risk factors for HAH at sea level and 3700 m
Measurements at sea level | Measurements at 3700 m | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-coefficient | OR | 95% CI |
p
| β-coefficient | OR | 95% CI |
p
| |
Demographic Data | ||||||||
age (y) | 0.076 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.19 | 0.090 | The same as sea level | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.028 | 1.03 | 0.90–1.18 | 0.674 | The same as sea level | |||
Chest (cm) | 0.006 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.825 | The same as sea level | |||
smoking | −0.249 | 0.76 | 0.42–1.33 | 0.453 | The same as sea level | |||
drinking | −0.055 | 0.97 | 0.45–2.16 | 0.917 | The same as sea level | |||
Physical parameters | ||||||||
SpO2 (%) | −0.058 | 0.94 | 0.75–1.12 | 0.555 | − 0.176 | 0.84 | 0.77–0.90 | < 0.001** |
HR (beats/min) | 0.010 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 | 0.501 | 0.032 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.004** |
SBP (mmHg) | −0.010 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.433 | −0.022 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.068 |
DBP (mmHg) | −0.009 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.576 | −0.017 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.291 |
Hematological parameters | ||||||||
RBC (*1012) | −0.197 | 0.82 | 0.39–1.76 | 0.605 | 0.072 | 1.07 | 0.75–1.55 | 0.696 |
HGB (g/L) | −0.002 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.906 | 0.004 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.460 |
HCT (%) | −0.001 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.11 | 0.981 | 0.022 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.341 |
MCV (fL) | 0.014 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.580 | 0.020 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.356 |
MCH (pg) | 0.023 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.16 | 0.718 | 0.015 | 1.02 | 0.92–1.13 | 0.770 |
PLT (*109) | 0.002 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.439 | 0.000 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.959 |
MPV (fL) | 0.136 | 1.15 | 0.88–1.51 | 0.320 | 0.039 | 1.04 | 0.70–1.56 | 0.847 |
WBC (*109) | −0.153 | 0.86 | 0.71–1.03 | 0.105 | 0.041 | 1.04 | 0.92–1.19 | 0.525 |
LYM% (%) | 0.013 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.06 | 0.959 | 0.002 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.890 |
LYM# (*109) | 0.026 | 1.03 | 0.61–1.70 | 0.144 | 0.074 | 1.08 | 0.78–1.50 | 0.655 |
Biochemical parameters | ||||||||
ALT (U/L) | 0.027 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 0.119 | 0.014 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.07 | 0.561 |
AST (U/L) | 0.030 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.08 | 0.180 | 0.005 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.670 |
BUN (mmol/L) | −0.252 | 0.78 | 0.61–0.99 | 0.044* | −0.330 | 0.72 | 0.55–0.93 | 0.012* |
CREA (umol/L) | −0.021 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.096 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.823 |
TBIL (umol/L) | 0.043 | 1.04 | 0.91–1.19 | 0.531 | 0.026 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.09 | 0.345 |
DBIL (umol/L) | 0.161 | 1.17 | 0.79–1.75 | 0.427 | 0.137 | 1.15 | 0.97–1.37 | 0.117 |
IBIL (umol/L) | 0.051 | 1.05 | 0.87–1.28 | 0.605 | 0.017 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.09 | 0.599 |
β-coefficient | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Measurements at sea level (after variable selection) | ||||
age | 0.075 | 1.08 | 0.99–1.18 | 0.092 |
BUN | −0.259 | 0.77 | 0.60–0.99 | 0.040* |
Measurements at 3700 m (after variable selection) | ||||
age | 0.090 | 1.09 | 0.98–1.23 | 0.110 |
SpO2 | −0.191 | 0.84 | 0.76–0.93 | 0.001** |
HR | 0.029 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.07 | 0.042* |
SBP | −0.019 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.091 |
BUN | −0.452 | 0.64 | 0.46–0.88 | 0.007** |