Human lung tissues were obtained from pneumonectomy and lobectomy specimens for primary lung cancer. Informed consent was obtained from all surgical participants as part of an approved ongoing research protocol by the ethical committee of Jikei University School of Medicine{#20-153(5443)}. Lung fibroblasts were isolated and characterized as previously described [
22]. Lung fibroblasts outgrown from lung fragments were cultured in fibroblast growth media (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM): with 10% FCS and penicillin-streptomycin). Lung fibroblasts were serially passaged and used for experiments until passage 6. LF demonstrated >95% positive staining with anti-vimentin antibodies, and <5% positive staining with anti-cytokeratin antibody (Data not shown). Antibodies used were rabbit anti-PARK2 (Cell signaling Technology, # 2132), rabbit anti-PINK1 (Cell signaling Technology, # 6946), rabbit anti-phospho-PDGF receptor α (Cell signaling Technology, # 2992), rabbit anti-PDGFRα (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, #338), mouse anti-phospho-PDGF receptor β (Cell signaling Technology, #3166), rabbit anti-PDGF receptor β (Cell signaling Technology, #3169), rabbit anti-phospho-PI3K (Cell signaling Technology, #4228), rabbit anti-PI3K (Cell signaling Technology, #4257), rabbit anti-phospho-AKT (Cell signaling Technology, #4060), rabbit anti-AKT (Cell signaling Technology, #4691), rabbit anti-phospho- p70 S6Kinase(Cell signaling Technology, #9205), rabbit anti- p70 S6Kinase (Cell signaling Technology, #9202), rabbit anti-phospho-4EBP-1 (Cell signaling Technology, #9451), rabbit anti-4EBP-1 (Cell signaling Technology, #945), rabbit anti-microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) (Novus, #600-1384), rabbit anti-ATG5 (Cell signaling Technology, #2630), rabbit anti-ATG7 (Cell signaling Technology, #2631), rabbit anti-p62 SQSTM1 (MBL, #PM045), mouse anti-α smooth muscle actin (Sigma-Aldrich, #A2547), goat anti-type I collagen (Southern Biotech, #1310-0), and mouse anti-β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, #A5441). Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) (Sigma-Aldrich, #B1793), Hoechst 33258 (Sigma-Aldrich, #B2883), MitoSOX Red (Molecular probes Life technologies, #M36008), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (Wako, # 017-05131), Mito-TEMPO (Enzo Life Sciences, #ALX-430-150), pepstatin A (Peptide Institute, #4397), E64d (Peptide Institute, #4321-v), bleomycin (Nippon Kayaku Co., Tokyo, Japan) and CM-H2DCFDA (Life Technologies, #C6827) were purchased. Pirfenidone (PFD) was provided by Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).