Introduction
Materials and methods
Population
Anthropometric, biochemical, and metabolic parameters
Statistical analysis
Results
T2DM patients | Control (n = 19) (X + SD) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 21) (X + SD) | |||
Age
|
52 ± 11.1
|
24.3 ± 3.7
|
<0.005
|
BMI
|
32.4 ± 6.0
|
22.8 ± 1.4
|
<0.005
|
Waist cm
|
103.3 ± 13.8
|
70.0 ± 7.7
|
<0.005
|
Hip cm
|
109.0 ± 13.3
|
95.0 ± 7.7
|
<0.005
|
% Fat
|
42.0 ± 8.9
|
25.6 ± 9.8
|
<0.005
|
% Lean mass
|
58.0 ± 9.0
|
74.3 ± 9.9
|
<0.005
|
Total weight
|
84.2 ± 17.1
|
63.1 ± 9.2
|
<0.005
|
Glucose 0´
|
148.2 ± 51.4
|
83.9 ± 12.5
|
<0.005
|
Glucose 30´
| ND | ND | ND |
Glucose 60´
| ND | ND | ND |
Glucose 90´
| ND | ND | ND |
Glucose 120´
| ND | ND | ND |
Insulin 0´
|
15.6 ± 7.9
|
7.3 ± 2.0
|
<0.005
|
HOMA IR
|
5.4 ± 2.7
|
1.5 ± 0.44
|
<0.005
|
Free fatty acids
| 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | >0.05 |
Beta-hydroxybutyrate
| 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.04 | >0.05 |
ALP
| 63 ± 17 | 62.10 ± 16.9 | >0.05 |
Uric acid
| 5.8 ± 1.5 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | >0.05 |
Serum creatinine
| 0.7 ± 0.17 | 0.8 ± 0.15 | >0.05 |
Cholesterol
| 202.5 ± 50.7 | 200.6 ± 39.6 | >0.05 |
Total bilirubin
| 0.2 ± 0.10 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | >0.05 |
Direct bilirubin
| .05 ± .02 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | >0.05 |
Indirect bilirubin
| 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | >0.05 |
Total protein
| 8.1 ± 0 .7 | 8.5 ± 0.9 | >0.05 |
Albumin
|
4.7 ± 0.5
|
5.13 ± 0.5
|
<0.05
|
Globulin
| 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | >0.05 |
AST
|
17 ± 11.5
|
10.4 ± 2.0
|
<0.05
|
ALT
|
14.5 ± 10.1
|
8.0 ± 2.6
|
<0.005
|
C4
|
0.24 ± 0.10
|
0.18 + 0.08
|
<0.05
|
C2
|
10.1 ± 2.2
|
8.7 ± 1.6
|
<0.005
|
Leu
|
117.7 ± 22.3
|
96.1 ± 23.7
|
<0.05
|
Tyr
|
51.3 ± 10.4
|
41.5 ± 11.0
|
<0.005
|
Val
|
165.2 ± 19.0
|
135.0 ± 31.0
|
<0.005
|
Gly
| 242.0 ± 36.2 | 226.5 ± 47.0 | >0.05 |
Arg
| 27.5 ± 9.8 | 27.4 ± 7.8 | >0.05 |
Cit
| 18.4 ± 4.7 | 17.5 ± 4.2 | >0.05 |
Met
| 21.7 ± 5.1 | 22.4 ± 5.2 | >0.05 |
Orn
| 83.7 ± 13.8 | 76.6 ± 9.6 | >0.05 |
Phe
| 41.2 ± 6.2 | 39.3 ± 10.8 | >0.05 |
Ala
|
288.8 ± 63.0
|
238.0 ± 44.2
|
<0.005
|
Overweight/obesity | Control (n = 19) (X + SD) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 17) (X + SD) | |||
Age
|
39.2 ± 14.0
|
24.3 ± 3.7
|
<0.005
|
BMI
|
30.2 ± 7.4
|
22.8 ± 1.4
|
<0.005
|
Waist cm
|
99.1 ± 17.6
|
70.0 ± 7.7
|
<0.005
|
Hip cm
|
111.3 ± 11.8
|
95.0 ± 7.7
|
<0.005
|
% Fat
|
37.3 ± 11.4
|
25.6 ± 9.8
|
<0.005
|
% Lean mass
|
62.7 ± 11.4
|
74.3 ± 9.9
|
<0.005
|
30.6 ± 12.1
|
18.1 ± 11.7
|
<0.005
| |
Total weight
|
84.1 ± 17.3
|
63.1 ± 9.2
|
<0.005
|
Glucose O´
| 90.5 ± 11.9 | 83.9 ± 12.5 | >0.05 |
Glucose 30´
| 144.2 ± 34.6 | 131 ± 30.9 | >0.05 |
Glucose 60´
| 126.5 ± 53.5 | 113.9 ± 25.3 | >0.05 |
Glucose 90´
| 120.5 ± 48.8 | 109.27 ± 33.33 | >0.05 |
Glucose 120´
| 107.6 ± 46.4 | 94.9 ± 21.7 | >0.05 |
Insulin 0´
| 10.7 ± 7.0 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | >0.05 |
Insulin 30´
| 81.4 ± 51.5 | 56.7 ± 24.6 | >0.05 |
Insulin 60´
| 89.9 ± 92.4 | 57.9 ± 36.2 | >0.05 |
Insulin 90´
| 72.9 ± 63.3 | 54.8 ± 35.8 | >0.05 |
Insulin 120´
| 76.3 ± 69.67 | 41.4 ± 37.0 | >0.05 |
Matsuda index | 4.9 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | >0.05 |
HOMA IR | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 0.44 | <0.05 |
Free fatty acids
| 0.5 ± 0.20 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | >0.05 |
Beta-hydroxybutyrate
| 0.2 ± 0.05 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | >0.05 |
ALP
| 57.9 ± 13.1 | 62.16 + 16.9 | >0.05 |
Uric acid
|
6.3 ± 1.4
|
5.2 ± 1.0
|
<0.05
|
Serum creatinine
| 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.15 | >0.05 |
Cholesterol
| 214.0 ± 66.8 | 200.6 ± 39.6 | >0.05 |
Total bilirubin
| 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | >0.05 |
Direct bilirubin
| 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | >0.05 |
Indirect bilirubin
| 0.3 ± 0.26 | 0.2 ± 0.18 | >0.05 |
Total protein
| 8.2 ± 1.07 | 8.5 ± 0.9 | >0.05 |
Albumin
| 4.9 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | >0.05 |
Globulin
| 3.3 ± 0.62 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | >0.05 |
AST
|
16.1 ± 9.3
|
10.4 ± 2.0
|
<0.05
|
ALT
|
10.4 ± 3.3
|
8.2 ± 2.6
|
<0.05
|
C4
| 0.19 ± 0.11 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | >0.05 |
C2
| 8.5 ± 2.3 | 8.7 ± 1.6 | >0.05 |
Leu
| 95.3 ± 28.0 | 103.8 ± 21.5 | >0.05 |
Tyr
| 43.4 ± 10.8 | 48.2 ± 10.5 | >0.05 |
Val
| 126.1 ± 41.7 | 138.8 ± 34.2 | >0.05 |
Gly
| 210.8 ± 54.1 | 220.6 ± 38.4 | >0.05 |
Arg
| 24.3 ± 10.5 | 24.1 ± 6.25 | >0.05 |
Cit
| 17.7 ± 4.1 | 17.9 ± 6.25 | >0.05 |
Met
| 21.26 ± 5.7 | 23.5 ± 6.25 | >0.05 |
Orn
| 85.5 ± 23.4 | 80.2 ± 15.0 | >0.05 |
Phe
| 38.2 ± 8.5 | 41.1 ± 8.3 | >0.05 |
Ala
| 209.9 ± 52.4 | 238. ± 45.2 | >0.05 |
T2DM patient’s offspring | Control (n = 19) (X + SD) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 20) (X + SD) | |||
Age
|
37.15 ± 13.4
|
24.3 ± 3.7
|
<0.005
|
BMI
|
29.3 ± 6.0
|
22.8 ± 1.4
|
<0.001
|
Waist cm
|
95.3 ± 17.1
|
70.0 ± 7.7
|
<0.0005
|
Hip cm
|
106.0 + 17.7
|
95.0 ± 7.7
|
<0.005
|
% Fat
|
32.5 ± 11.2
|
25.6 ± 9.8
|
<0.05
|
% Lean mass
|
67.5 ± 11.2
|
74.3 ± 9.9
|
<0.05
|
Total weight
|
82.54 ± 21.67
|
63.1 ± 9.2
|
<0.0005
|
Glucose O
| 90.25 ± 11.47 | 83.9 ± 12.5 | >0.05 |
Glucose 30´
| 140.7 ± 32.76 | 131 ± 30.9 | >0.05 |
Glucose 60´
|
141.2 ± 40.0
|
113.9 ± 25.3
|
<0.05
|
Glucose 90´
| 128.5 ± 46.46 | 109.27 ± 33.33 | >0.05 |
Glucose 120
|
120.05 ± 33.21
|
94.9 ± 21.7
|
<0.005
|
Insulin 0´
|
11.1 ± 4.9
|
7.3 ± 2.0
|
<0.0005
|
Insulin 30´
|
80.7 ± 49.8
|
56.7 ± 24.6
|
<0.05
|
Insulin 60´
|
87.7 ± 58.3
|
57.9 ± 36.2
|
<0.05
|
Insulin 90´
|
79.4 ± 57.2
|
54.8 ± 35.8
|
<0.05
|
Insulin 120´
|
73.2 ± 49.6
|
41.4 ± 37.0
|
<0.0005
|
Free fatty acids
| 0.62 ± 0.24 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | >0.05 |
Beta-hydroxybutyrate
| 0.18 ± 0.10 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | >0.05 |
ALP
| 58.5 + 20.17 | 58.6 ± 20.2 | >0.05 |
Uric acid
|
6.21 ± 1.33
|
5.2 ± 1.0
|
<0.05
|
Serum creatinine
| 0.91 ± 0.17 | 0.8 + 0.15 | >0.05 |
Cholesterol
| 198.65 ± 28.4 | 200.6 ± 39.6 | >0.05 |
Total bilirubin
| 0.34 ± 0.21 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | >0.05 |
Direct bilirubin
| 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | >0.05 |
Indirect bilirubin
| 0.28 ± 0.21 | 0.2 ± 0.18 | >0.05 |
Total protein
| 8.38 ± 0.80 | 8.4 ± 0.9 | >0.05 |
Albumin
| 4.98 ± 0.39 | 5.11 ± 0.5 | >0.05 |
Globulin
| 3.39 ± 0.55 | 3.4 ± 0.5 | >0.05 |
AST
|
14.85 ± 8.64
|
10.4 ± 2.0
|
<0.05
|
ALT
|
13.7 ± 8.11
|
8.2 ± 2.6
|
<0.0005
|
Triacylglycerol
| 154.2 ± 114.9 | 110.6 ± 71.2 | >0.05 |
C4
| 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.08 | >0.05 |
C2
| 9.14 ± 1.44 | 8.7 ± 1.6 | >0.05 |
Leu
| 103.8 ± 21.52 | 96.1 ± 23.7 | >0.05 |
Tyr
| 48.2 ± 10.5 | 41.5 ± 11.0 | >0.05 |
Val
| 138.8 ± 34.2 | 135.0 ± 31.0 | >0.05 |
Gly
| 220.6 ± 38.4 | 226.5 ± 47 | >0.05 |
Arg
| 24.1 ± 7.3 | 27.4 ± 7.84 | >0.05 |
Cit
| 17.9 ± 3.09 | 17.5 ± 4.2 | >0.05 |
Met
| 23.5 ± 6.25 | 22.4 ± 5.2 | >0.05 |
Orn
| 80.2 ± 15.0 | 76.6 ± 9.5 | >0.05 |
Phe
| 41.1 ± 8.3 | 39.3 ± 10.8 | >0.05 |
Ala
| 231.0 ± 45.23 | 238.0 ± 44.2 | >0.05 |
Dysglycemic/obese (n = 6 ) (X ± SD) | Dysglycemic/ offspring (n = 5) (X ± SD) | Control (n = 19) (X ± SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age
|
53.0 ± 7.66*
|
46.6 ± 12.0*
| 24.3 ± 3.7 |
BMI
|
33.2 ± 8.28*
|
33.8 ± 6.7*
| 22.8 ± 1.4 |
Waist cm
|
99.9 ± 14.7*
|
109.0 ± 20.9*
| 70 ± 7.7 |
Hip cm
|
107.2 ± 8.7*
| 116.2 ± 24.5 | 95 ± 7.7 |
% Lean mass
| 66.8 ± 7.9 | 62.8 ± 15.1 | 74.3 ± 9.9 |
Total weight
|
87.2 ± 21.8*
|
95.8 ± 26.0*
| 63.1 ± 9.2 |
Glucose O´
| 97.2 ± 16.5 |
100.6 ± 8.8*
| 83.9 ± 12.5 |
Glucose 30´
|
169.7 ± 35.3*
| 177 ± 39.91 | 131 ± 30.9 |
Glucose 60´
|
182.8 ± 55.0*
|
196.2 ± 23.8*
| 113.9 ± 25.3 |
Glucose 90´
|
171.0 ± 42.8*
|
198.0 ± 38.5*
| 109.27 ± 33.33 |
Glucose 120´
|
150.0 ± 45.9*
|
165.0 ± 20.92*
| 94.9 ± 21.7 |
Insulin 0´
| 16.0 ± 9.6 | 12.6 ± 5.6 | 7.3 ± 2.0 |
Insulin 30´
| 87.4 ± 42.6 | 98.7 ± 54.3 | 56.7 ± 24.6 |
Insulin 60´
| 153.2 ± 135.6 |
126.2 ± 56.4*
| 57.9 ± 36.2 |
Insulin 90´
| 130.3 ± 77.3 |
131.7 ± 59.0*
| 54.8 ± 35.8 |
Insulin 120´
|
132.2 ± 84.1*
|
109.1 ± 46.0*
| 41.4 ± 37.0 |
Matsuda index
|
2.9 ± 2.1*
|
2.4 ± 1.0*
| 6.2 ± 1.8 |
HOMA IR
|
3.5 ± 1.5*
| 3.2 ± 1.5 | 1.5 ± 0.4 |
Free fatty acids
| 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.3 |
Uric Acid
| 6.4 ± 1.4 |
7.12 ± 0.6*
| 5.2 ± 1.0 |
Serum Creatinine
| 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.15 |
Cholesterol
|
234.5 ± 22.7*
| 180.8 ± 21.5 | 200.6 ± 39.6 |
AST
| 16.5 ± 7.6 | 18.2 ± 10.8 | 10.4 ± 2.0 |
ALT
|
12.0 ± 3.2*
| 19.4 ± 9.9 | 8.2 ± 2.6 |
Triacylglycerol
|
204.8 ± 80.0*
|
283.6 ± 177.3
| 110.6 ± 71.2 |
C4
| 0.18 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.13 | 0.18 ± 0.08 |
C2
| 8.4 ± 1.6 | 9.8 ± 1.05 | 8.7 ± 1.6 |
C16
| 0.74 ± 0.17 |
0.85 ± 0.14*
| 0.67 ± 0.17 |
C 14:2
|
0.03 ± 0.02*
| 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.3 |