Background
Methods
Bacterial isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Molecular epidemiological typing
Case-control study
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the 52 A. baumannii isolates
Number of isolates | Hospital | Specimens | Wards | gltA | gyrB | gdhB | recA | cpn60 | gpi | rpoD | ST | CC |
bla
OXA-51-like
genes | Phenotype | XDRAB pneumonia |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
2 | GFPH | Blood | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 5 | STn1 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
3 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
4 | GFPH | Blood | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
5 | GFPH | BALF | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
6 | GFPH | Sputum | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
7 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 1 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 153 | 3 | ST457 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
8 | GFPH | Sputum | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
9 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
10 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
11 | GFPH | Sputum | Neurosurgery | 1 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | STn2 | 92 | OXA-199 | XDR | Yes |
12 | GFPH | Sputum | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
13 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
14 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
15 | GFPH | BALF | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
16 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
17 | GFPH | Wound | Gastroenterology | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
18 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
19 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
20 | GFPH | Urine | Geriatrics ICU | 21 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 111 | 4 | ST254 | singletons | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
21 | GFPH | BALF | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
22 | GFPH | BALF | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
23 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
24 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
25 | GFPH | Sputum | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
26 | GFPH | Sputum | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
27 | GFPH | Sputum | Neurosurgery | 1 | 81 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 4 | STn3 | singletons | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
28 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 21 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 111 | 4 | ST254 | singletons | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
29 | GFPH | Sputum | RICU | 21 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 35 | 111 | 4 | ST254 | singletons | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
30 | GFPH | Sputum | RICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
31 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | yes |
32 | GFPH | Sputum | Neurosurgery | 1 | 81 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 4 | STn3 | singletons | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
33 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
34 | GFPH | BALF | RICU | 1 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 153 | 3 | ST457 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | Yes |
35 | GFPH | CSF | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
36 | GFPH | Sputum | Respiratory | 21 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 35 | G1 | 3 | STn4 | singletons | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
37 | GFPH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
38 | GFPH | Wound | Burn | A1 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 153 | 4 | STn5 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
39 | GFPH | Sputum | Geriatrics ICU | 21 | 15 | 3 | 2 | 35 | G1 | 3 | STn4 | singletons | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
40 | GFPH | Blood | Urinary surgery | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | No |
41 | GFPH | Sputum | Nephrology | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
42 | GFPH | BALF | RICU | 11 | 65 | 3 | 20 | 37 | 96 | 15 | STn6 | singletons | OXA-66 | MDR | No |
43 | FAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | N/A |
44 | FAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | N/A |
45 | FAH | Sputum | ICU | 33 | 31 | 2 | 28 | 1 | 96 | 5 | STn7 | singletons | OXA-66 | MDR | N/A |
46 | FAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | N/A |
47 | TAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | N/A |
48 | TAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 3 | ST136 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | N/A |
49 | TAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | N/A |
50 | TAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 97 | 3 | ST208 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | N/A |
51 | TAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 96 | 3 | ST195 | 92 | OXA-66 | MDR | N/A |
52 | TAH | Sputum | ICU | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 3 | ST136 | 92 | OXA-66 | XDR | N/A |
MLST and SBT- bla OXA-51-like genes
Clonal complex | No. isolates | MDR N (%) | XDR N (%) | Statistical analysisa
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 -values |
P values | ||||
CC92 | 43 | 14 (32.6) | 29 (67.4) | 0.088 | 0.767 |
ST195 | 24 | 9 | 15 | ||
ST208 | 12 | 5 | 7 | ||
ST457 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
ST136 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
STn1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
STn2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
STn5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Non-CC92 | 9 | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | ||
ST254 | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
STn3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||
STn4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | ||
STn6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
STn7 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Case-control study
XDRAB (N = 21)
N (%) | Non-XDRAB (N = 42)
N (%) |
P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, ya
| 77.5 ± 11.6 | 68.6 ± 18.4 | 0.023 |
Gender (M/F), n | 17/4 | 23/19 | 0.079 |
APACHE II scorea
| 21.9 ± 6.8 | 18.0 ± 4.9 | 0.011 |
Related to hospitalizationa
| 18 (85.7) | 30 (71.4) | 0.347 |
Days of mechanical ventilation before XDRAB (days) | 10.5 ± 11.6 | 5.2 ± 5.8 | 0.059 |
Hospital days before XDRAB (days) | 18.3 ± 11.3 | 12.6 ± 11.2 | 0.064 |
Length of stay in the ICU (days) | 30.1 ± 20.0 | 21.4 ± 21.7 | 0.127 |
Length of stay in the hospital (days) | 45.5 ± 28.8 | 38.5 ± 24.2 | 0.199 |
Associated disease, n (%) | |||
COPD | 13 (61.9) | 9 (21.4) | 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 2 (9.5) | 10 (40.4) | 0.307 |
Malignancy | 2 (9.5) | 9 (21.4) | 0.411 |
Cardiac disease | 13 (61.9) | 6 (14.2) | 0.000 |
Renal disease | 5 (23.8) | 2 (4.7) | 0.065 |
Neurological disease | 8 (38.0) | 22 (52.3) | 0.422 |
Device, n (%) | |||
Urinary catheter | 21 (100.0) | 36 (85.7) | 0.172 |
Nasogastric tube | 21 (100.0) | 36 (85.7) | 0.172 |
Mechanical ventilation | 16 (76.1) | 31 (73.8) | 1.000 |
Drug usage, n (%) | |||
Glucocorticoids | 10 (47.6) | 18 (42.8) | 0.720 |
PPIs | 14 (66.7) | 32 (76.1) | 0.422 |
Antimicrobial n (%) | |||
Cephalosporin | |||
Second generation | 3 (14.2) | 5 (11.9) | 1.000 |
Third generation | 7 (33.3) | 18 (42.8) | 0.649 |
β-lactamase inhibitor | 20 (95.2) | 31 (73.8) | 0.089 |
Quinolone | 13 (61.9) | 19 (45.2) | 0.327 |
Aminoglycoside | 2 (9.5) | 4 (9.5) | 1.000 |
Carbapenem | 11 (52.3) | 11 (26.1) | 0.040 |
Antimicrobial Combination therapy, n (%) | 11 (52.3) | 19 (45.2) | 0.593 |
Mortality, n (%) | 9 (42.8) | 15 (35.7) | 0.582 |
Risk factor | OR (95% CI) |
P-value |
---|---|---|
APACHE II score | 1.17 (1.01–1.35) | 0.034 |
COPD | 7.25 (1.54–33.9) | 0.012 |
Cardiac disease | 6.94 (1.43–33.6) | 0.016 |