Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Lasers in Medical Science 7/2019

04.03.2019 | Review Article

Polarization-resolved Stokes-Mueller imaging: a review of technology and applications

verfasst von: Spandana K. U., K. K. Mahato, Nirmal Mazumder

Erschienen in: Lasers in Medical Science | Ausgabe 7/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Polarization microscopy, a powerful optical tool to study anisotropic properties of biomolecules, provides better microstructural information of a sample as compared with conventional optical microscopic techniques. The measurement and analysis of polarization states of light can be performed using both Jones matrix as well as Stokes algebra. Further, the details of optical properties of specimen are characterized by Mueller matrix. However, the application of Jones calculus is limited to perfectly polarized light, but Stokes-Mueller polarimetry is emerging as a promising tool for tissue imaging due to its application irrespective of polarization state of the light. In this review article, we explain the development of Stokes-Mueller formalism in context of linear optics. Furthermore, application of Mueller matrix decomposition (MMD) method to derive sample properties is demonstrated in several bio-medical studies.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Schoenenberger K, Colston BW, Maitland DJ, Da Silva LB, Everett MJ (1998) Mapping of birefringence and thermal damage in tissue by use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Appl Opt 37(25):6026–6036CrossRefPubMed Schoenenberger K, Colston BW, Maitland DJ, Da Silva LB, Everett MJ (1998) Mapping of birefringence and thermal damage in tissue by use of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Appl Opt 37(25):6026–6036CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Mockaitis K, Estelle M (2008) Auxin receptors and plant development: a new signaling paradigm. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 24:55–80CrossRefPubMed Mockaitis K, Estelle M (2008) Auxin receptors and plant development: a new signaling paradigm. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 24:55–80CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kliger DS, Lewis JW (2012) Polarized light in optics and spectroscopy. Elsevier, Amsterdam Kliger DS, Lewis JW (2012) Polarized light in optics and spectroscopy. Elsevier, Amsterdam
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Oldenbourg R, Mei G (1995) New polarized light microscope with precision universal compensator. J Microsc 180(2):140–147CrossRefPubMed Oldenbourg R, Mei G (1995) New polarized light microscope with precision universal compensator. J Microsc 180(2):140–147CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuchin VV (2016) Polarized light interaction with tissues. J Biomed Opt 21(7):071114CrossRef Tuchin VV (2016) Polarized light interaction with tissues. J Biomed Opt 21(7):071114CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Shindo Y, Oda Y (1992) Mueller matrix approach to fluorescence spectroscopy. Part I: Mueller matrix expressions for fluorescent samples and their application to problems of circularly polarized emission spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 46(8):1251–1259CrossRef Shindo Y, Oda Y (1992) Mueller matrix approach to fluorescence spectroscopy. Part I: Mueller matrix expressions for fluorescent samples and their application to problems of circularly polarized emission spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 46(8):1251–1259CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Inoué S (2008) Microtubule dynamics in cell division: exploring living cells with polarized light microscopy. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 24:1–28CrossRefPubMed Inoué S (2008) Microtubule dynamics in cell division: exploring living cells with polarized light microscopy. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 24:1–28CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Novikova T, Pierangelo A, De Martino A, Benali A, Validire P (2012) Polarimetric imaging for cancer diagnosis and staging. Opt Photonics News 23(10):26–33CrossRef Novikova T, Pierangelo A, De Martino A, Benali A, Validire P (2012) Polarimetric imaging for cancer diagnosis and staging. Opt Photonics News 23(10):26–33CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Hecht E (2002) Optics, 4th International edn. Addison-Wesley, San Francisco 3:2 Hecht E (2002) Optics, 4th International edn. Addison-Wesley, San Francisco 3:2
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Brasselet S (2011) Polarization-resolved nonlinear microscopy: application to structural molecular and biological imaging. Adv Opt Photon 3(3):205CrossRef Brasselet S (2011) Polarization-resolved nonlinear microscopy: application to structural molecular and biological imaging. Adv Opt Photon 3(3):205CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Azzam R (1985) Arrangement of four photodetectors for measuring the state of polarization of light. Opt Lett 10(7):309–311CrossRefPubMed Azzam R (1985) Arrangement of four photodetectors for measuring the state of polarization of light. Opt Lett 10(7):309–311CrossRefPubMed
12.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Mazumder N, Qiu J, Foreman MR, Romero CM, Török P, Kao F-J (2013) Stokes vector based polarization resolved second harmonic microscopy of starch granules. Biomed Opt Express 4(4):538–547CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Mazumder N, Qiu J, Foreman MR, Romero CM, Török P, Kao F-J (2013) Stokes vector based polarization resolved second harmonic microscopy of starch granules. Biomed Opt Express 4(4):538–547CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghosh N, Wood MF, Vitkin IA (2008) Mueller matrix decomposition for extraction of individual polarization parameters from complex turbid media exhibiting multiple scattering, optical activity, and linear birefringence. J Biomed Opt 13(4):044036CrossRefPubMed Ghosh N, Wood MF, Vitkin IA (2008) Mueller matrix decomposition for extraction of individual polarization parameters from complex turbid media exhibiting multiple scattering, optical activity, and linear birefringence. J Biomed Opt 13(4):044036CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Sun M, He H, Zeng N, Du E, Guo Y, Peng C, He Y, Ma H (2014) Probing microstructural information of anisotropic scattering media using rotation-independent polarization parameters. Appl Opt 53(14):2949–2955CrossRefPubMed Sun M, He H, Zeng N, Du E, Guo Y, Peng C, He Y, Ma H (2014) Probing microstructural information of anisotropic scattering media using rotation-independent polarization parameters. Appl Opt 53(14):2949–2955CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Bueno J, Cookson C, Kisilak M, Campbell M (2009) Enhancement of confocal microscopy images using Mueller-matrix polarimetry. J Microsc 235(1):84–93CrossRefPubMed Bueno J, Cookson C, Kisilak M, Campbell M (2009) Enhancement of confocal microscopy images using Mueller-matrix polarimetry. J Microsc 235(1):84–93CrossRefPubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Shi Y, McClain W, Harris R (1994) Generalized Stokes-Mueller formalism for two-photon absorption, frequency doubling, and hyper-Raman scattering. Phys Rev A 49(3):1999CrossRefPubMed Shi Y, McClain W, Harris R (1994) Generalized Stokes-Mueller formalism for two-photon absorption, frequency doubling, and hyper-Raman scattering. Phys Rev A 49(3):1999CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Da Costa V, Wei R, Lim R, Sun C-H, Brown JJ, Wong BJ-F (2008) Nondestructive imaging of live human keloid and facial tissue using multiphoton microscopy. Arch Facial Plast Surg 10(1):38–43CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Da Costa V, Wei R, Lim R, Sun C-H, Brown JJ, Wong BJ-F (2008) Nondestructive imaging of live human keloid and facial tissue using multiphoton microscopy. Arch Facial Plast Surg 10(1):38–43CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Oldenbourg R, Török P (2000) Point-spread functions of a polarizing microscope equipped with high-numerical-aperture lenses. Appl Opt 39(34):6325–6331CrossRefPubMed Oldenbourg R, Török P (2000) Point-spread functions of a polarizing microscope equipped with high-numerical-aperture lenses. Appl Opt 39(34):6325–6331CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu S-Y, Chipman RA (1996) Interpretation of Mueller matrices based on polar decomposition. JOSA A 13(5):1106–1113CrossRef Lu S-Y, Chipman RA (1996) Interpretation of Mueller matrices based on polar decomposition. JOSA A 13(5):1106–1113CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood MF, Ghosh N, Wallenburg MA, Li S-H, Weisel RD, Wilson BC, Li R-K, Vitkin IA (2010) Polarization birefringence measurements for characterizing the myocardium, including healthy, infarcted, and stem-cell-regenerated tissues. J Biomed Opt 15(4):047009CrossRefPubMed Wood MF, Ghosh N, Wallenburg MA, Li S-H, Weisel RD, Wilson BC, Li R-K, Vitkin IA (2010) Polarization birefringence measurements for characterizing the myocardium, including healthy, infarcted, and stem-cell-regenerated tissues. J Biomed Opt 15(4):047009CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghassemi P, Lemaillet P, Ramella-Roman JC, Shupp JW, Venna SS, Boisvert ME, Flanagan K, Jordan MH, Germer TA (2012) Out-of-plane Stokes imaging polarimeter for early skin cancer diagnosis. J Biomed Opt 17(7):076014CrossRefPubMed Ghassemi P, Lemaillet P, Ramella-Roman JC, Shupp JW, Venna SS, Boisvert ME, Flanagan K, Jordan MH, Germer TA (2012) Out-of-plane Stokes imaging polarimeter for early skin cancer diagnosis. J Biomed Opt 17(7):076014CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams DC, Hariri LP, Miller AJ, Wang Y, Cho JL, Villiger M, Holz JA, Szabari MV, Hamilos DL, Harris RS (2016) Birefringence microscopy platform for assessing airway smooth muscle structure and function in vivo. Sci Transl Med 8(359):359ra131–359ra131CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Adams DC, Hariri LP, Miller AJ, Wang Y, Cho JL, Villiger M, Holz JA, Szabari MV, Hamilos DL, Harris RS (2016) Birefringence microscopy platform for assessing airway smooth muscle structure and function in vivo. Sci Transl Med 8(359):359ra131–359ra131CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Qi J, He H, Ma H, Elson DS (2017) Extended polar decomposition method of Mueller matrices for turbid media in reflection geometry. Opt Lett 42(20):4048–4051CrossRefPubMed Qi J, He H, Ma H, Elson DS (2017) Extended polar decomposition method of Mueller matrices for turbid media in reflection geometry. Opt Lett 42(20):4048–4051CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar MS, Simon R (1992) Characterization of Mueller matrices in polarization optics. Opt Commun 88(4–6):464–470CrossRef Kumar MS, Simon R (1992) Characterization of Mueller matrices in polarization optics. Opt Commun 88(4–6):464–470CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Simon B, Simon S, Mukunda N, Gori F, Santarsiero M, Borghi R, Simon R (2010) A complete characterization of pre-Mueller and Mueller matrices in polarization optics. JOSA A 27(2):188–199CrossRefPubMed Simon B, Simon S, Mukunda N, Gori F, Santarsiero M, Borghi R, Simon R (2010) A complete characterization of pre-Mueller and Mueller matrices in polarization optics. JOSA A 27(2):188–199CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Reddy SG, Prabhakar S, Chithrabhanu P, Singh R, Simon R (2016) Polarization state transformation using two quarter wave plates: application to Mueller polarimetry. Appl Opt 55(12):B14–B19CrossRefPubMed Reddy SG, Prabhakar S, Chithrabhanu P, Singh R, Simon R (2016) Polarization state transformation using two quarter wave plates: application to Mueller polarimetry. Appl Opt 55(12):B14–B19CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohanty SK, Ghosh N, Majumder SK, Gupta PK (2001) Depolarization of autofluorescence from malignant and normal human breast tissues. Appl Opt 40(7):1147–1154CrossRefPubMed Mohanty SK, Ghosh N, Majumder SK, Gupta PK (2001) Depolarization of autofluorescence from malignant and normal human breast tissues. Appl Opt 40(7):1147–1154CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellingsen PG, Aas LMS, Hagen VS, Kumar R, Lilledahl MB, Kildemo M (2014) Mueller matrix three-dimensional directional imaging of collagen fibers. J Biomed Opt 19(2):026002CrossRefPubMed Ellingsen PG, Aas LMS, Hagen VS, Kumar R, Lilledahl MB, Kildemo M (2014) Mueller matrix three-dimensional directional imaging of collagen fibers. J Biomed Opt 19(2):026002CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Ghosh N, Wood MF, Li S, Weisel RD, Wilson BC, Li RK, Vitkin IA (2009) Mueller matrix decomposition for polarized light assessment of biological tissues. J Biophotonics 2(3):145–156CrossRefPubMed Ghosh N, Wood MF, Li S, Weisel RD, Wilson BC, Li RK, Vitkin IA (2009) Mueller matrix decomposition for polarized light assessment of biological tissues. J Biophotonics 2(3):145–156CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Y, He H, Chang J, He C, Liu S, Li M, Zeng N, Wu J, Ma H (2016) Mueller matrix microscope: a quantitative tool to facilitate detections and fibrosis scorings of liver cirrhosis and cancer tissues. J Biomed Opt 21(7):071112CrossRef Wang Y, He H, Chang J, He C, Liu S, Li M, Zeng N, Wu J, Ma H (2016) Mueller matrix microscope: a quantitative tool to facilitate detections and fibrosis scorings of liver cirrhosis and cancer tissues. J Biomed Opt 21(7):071112CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Wood MF, Ghosh N, Moriyama EH, Wilson BC, Vitkin IA (2009) Proof-of-principle demonstration of a Mueller matrix decomposition method for polarized light tissue characterization in vivo. J Biomed Opt 14(1):014029CrossRefPubMed Wood MF, Ghosh N, Moriyama EH, Wilson BC, Vitkin IA (2009) Proof-of-principle demonstration of a Mueller matrix decomposition method for polarized light tissue characterization in vivo. J Biomed Opt 14(1):014029CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong Y, Qi J, He H, He C, Liu S, Wu J, Elson DS, Ma H (2017) Quantitatively characterizing the microstructural features of breast ductal carcinoma tissues in different progression stages by Mueller matrix microscope. Biomed Opt Express 8(8):3643–3655CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dong Y, Qi J, He H, He C, Liu S, Wu J, Elson DS, Ma H (2017) Quantitatively characterizing the microstructural features of breast ductal carcinoma tissues in different progression stages by Mueller matrix microscope. Biomed Opt Express 8(8):3643–3655CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellingsen PG, Lilledahl MB, Aas LMS, de Lange Davies C, Kildemo M (2011) Quantitative characterization of articular cartilage using Mueller matrix imaging and multiphoton microscopy. J Biomed Opt 16(11):116002CrossRefPubMed Ellingsen PG, Lilledahl MB, Aas LMS, de Lange Davies C, Kildemo M (2011) Quantitative characterization of articular cartilage using Mueller matrix imaging and multiphoton microscopy. J Biomed Opt 16(11):116002CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Novikova T, Pierangelo A, Manhas S, Benali A, Validire P, Gayet B, De Martino A (2013) The origins of polarimetric image contrast between healthy and cancerous human colon tissue. Appl Phys Lett 102(24):241103CrossRef Novikova T, Pierangelo A, Manhas S, Benali A, Validire P, Gayet B, De Martino A (2013) The origins of polarimetric image contrast between healthy and cancerous human colon tissue. Appl Phys Lett 102(24):241103CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Antonelli M-R, Pierangelo A, Novikova T, Validire P, Benali A, Gayet B, De Martino A (2010) Mueller matrix imaging of human colon tissue for cancer diagnostics: how Monte Carlo modeling can help in the interpretation of experimental data. Opt Express 18(10):10200–10208CrossRefPubMed Antonelli M-R, Pierangelo A, Novikova T, Validire P, Benali A, Gayet B, De Martino A (2010) Mueller matrix imaging of human colon tissue for cancer diagnostics: how Monte Carlo modeling can help in the interpretation of experimental data. Opt Express 18(10):10200–10208CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Pierangelo A, Nazac A, Benali A, Validire P, Cohen H, Novikova T, Ibrahim BH, Manhas S, Fallet C, Antonelli M-R (2013) Polarimetric imaging of uterine cervix: a case study. Opt Express 21(12):14120–14130CrossRefPubMed Pierangelo A, Nazac A, Benali A, Validire P, Cohen H, Novikova T, Ibrahim BH, Manhas S, Fallet C, Antonelli M-R (2013) Polarimetric imaging of uterine cervix: a case study. Opt Express 21(12):14120–14130CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Vizet J, Rehbinder J, Deby S, Roussel S, Nazac A, Soufan R, Genestie C, Haie-Meder C, Fernandez H, Moreau F (2017) In vivo imaging of uterine cervix with a Mueller polarimetric colposcope. Sci Rep 7(1):2471CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Vizet J, Rehbinder J, Deby S, Roussel S, Nazac A, Soufan R, Genestie C, Haie-Meder C, Fernandez H, Moreau F (2017) In vivo imaging of uterine cervix with a Mueller polarimetric colposcope. Sci Rep 7(1):2471CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang W, Lim LG, Srivastava S, Bok-Yan So J, Shabbir A, Liu Q (2016) Investigation on the potential of Mueller matrix imaging for digital staining. J Biophotonics 9(4):364–375CrossRefPubMed Wang W, Lim LG, Srivastava S, Bok-Yan So J, Shabbir A, Liu Q (2016) Investigation on the potential of Mueller matrix imaging for digital staining. J Biophotonics 9(4):364–375CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Pierangelo A, Benali A, Antonelli M-R, Novikova T, Validire P, Gayet B, De Martino A (2011) Ex-vivo characterization of human colon cancer by Mueller polarimetric imaging. Opt Express 19(2):1582–1593CrossRefPubMed Pierangelo A, Benali A, Antonelli M-R, Novikova T, Validire P, Gayet B, De Martino A (2011) Ex-vivo characterization of human colon cancer by Mueller polarimetric imaging. Opt Express 19(2):1582–1593CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Dong Y, He H, Sheng W, Wu J, Ma H (2017) A quantitative and non-contact technique to characterise microstructural variations of skin tissues during photo-damaging process based on Mueller matrix polarimetry. Sci Rep 7 Dong Y, He H, Sheng W, Wu J, Ma H (2017) A quantitative and non-contact technique to characterise microstructural variations of skin tissues during photo-damaging process based on Mueller matrix polarimetry. Sci Rep 7
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010) Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 127(12):2893–2917CrossRef Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010) Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 127(12):2893–2917CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Bancelin S, Nazac A, Ibrahim BH, Dokládal P, Decencière E, Teig B, Haddad H, Fernandez H, Schanne-Klein M-C, De Martino A (2014) Determination of collagen fiber orientation in histological slides using Mueller microscopy and validation by second harmonic generation imaging. Opt Express 22(19):22561–22574CrossRefPubMed Bancelin S, Nazac A, Ibrahim BH, Dokládal P, Decencière E, Teig B, Haddad H, Fernandez H, Schanne-Klein M-C, De Martino A (2014) Determination of collagen fiber orientation in histological slides using Mueller microscopy and validation by second harmonic generation imaging. Opt Express 22(19):22561–22574CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Arifler D, Pavlova I, Gillenwater A, Richards-Kortum R (2007) Light scattering from collagen fiber networks: micro-optical properties of normal and neoplastic stroma. Biophys J 92(9):3260–3274CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Arifler D, Pavlova I, Gillenwater A, Richards-Kortum R (2007) Light scattering from collagen fiber networks: micro-optical properties of normal and neoplastic stroma. Biophys J 92(9):3260–3274CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat He H, He C, Chang J, Lv D, Wu J, Duan C, Zhou Q, Zeng N, He Y, Ma H (2017) Monitoring microstructural variations of fresh skeletal muscle tissues by Mueller matrix imaging. J Biophotonics 10(5):664–673CrossRefPubMed He H, He C, Chang J, Lv D, Wu J, Duan C, Zhou Q, Zeng N, He Y, Ma H (2017) Monitoring microstructural variations of fresh skeletal muscle tissues by Mueller matrix imaging. J Biophotonics 10(5):664–673CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen D, Zeng N, Xie Q, He H, Tuchin VV, Ma H (2017) Mueller matrix polarimetry for characterizing microstructural variation of nude mouse skin during tissue optical clearing. Biomed Opt Express 8(8):3559–3570CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Chen D, Zeng N, Xie Q, He H, Tuchin VV, Ma H (2017) Mueller matrix polarimetry for characterizing microstructural variation of nude mouse skin during tissue optical clearing. Biomed Opt Express 8(8):3559–3570CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kunnen B, Macdonald C, Doronin A, Jacques S, Eccles M, Meglinski I (2015) Application of circularly polarized light for non-invasive diagnosis of cancerous tissues and turbid tissue-like scattering media. J Biophotonics 8(4):317–323CrossRefPubMed Kunnen B, Macdonald C, Doronin A, Jacques S, Eccles M, Meglinski I (2015) Application of circularly polarized light for non-invasive diagnosis of cancerous tissues and turbid tissue-like scattering media. J Biophotonics 8(4):317–323CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Aas LMS, Ellingsen PG, Kildemo M (2011) Near infra-red Mueller matrix imaging system and application to retardance imaging of strain. Thin Solid Films 519(9):2737–2741CrossRef Aas LMS, Ellingsen PG, Kildemo M (2011) Near infra-red Mueller matrix imaging system and application to retardance imaging of strain. Thin Solid Films 519(9):2737–2741CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Golaraei A, Kontenis L, Cisek R, Tokarz D, Done SJ, Wilson BC, Barzda V (2016) Changes of collagen ultrastructure in breast cancer tissue determined by second-harmonic generation double Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 7(10):4054–4068CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Golaraei A, Kontenis L, Cisek R, Tokarz D, Done SJ, Wilson BC, Barzda V (2016) Changes of collagen ultrastructure in breast cancer tissue determined by second-harmonic generation double Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 7(10):4054–4068CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadaten
Titel
Polarization-resolved Stokes-Mueller imaging: a review of technology and applications
verfasst von
Spandana K. U.
K. K. Mahato
Nirmal Mazumder
Publikationsdatum
04.03.2019
Verlag
Springer London
Erschienen in
Lasers in Medical Science / Ausgabe 7/2019
Print ISSN: 0268-8921
Elektronische ISSN: 1435-604X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-019-02752-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2019

Lasers in Medical Science 7/2019 Zur Ausgabe