Background
Methods
Study design and subjects
Questionnaires and data collection
Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs)
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of the subjects
Index | Stratification | Mean ± SD |
n
| % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 88.7 ± 6.5 | |||
Gender | Male | 152 | 58.9 | |
Female | 106 | 41.1 | ||
Marital status | Have spouse | 161 | 62.4 | |
No spouse | 97 | 37.6 | ||
Living status | Living alone | 16 | 6.2 | |
Living with spouse | 144 | 55.8 | ||
Living with housekeeper | 42 | 16.3 | ||
Living with offspring | 56 | 21.7 | ||
Medical expenses | Self-paid | 8 | 3.1 | |
Health insurance | 99 | 38.4 | ||
Publicly paid | 151 | 58.5 | ||
Health condition | Good | 29 | 11.2 | |
Moderate | 111 | 43.0 | ||
Poor | 118 | 45.7 | ||
Number of diagnosed diseases | 7.0 ± 2.3 |
Chronic diseases
Rank | Chronic disease |
n
| % |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Hypertension | 160 | 62.0 |
2 | Hyperlipidemia | 112 | 43.4 |
3 | Atherosclerosis | 111 | 43.0 |
4 | Chronic gastritis | 106 | 41.1 |
5 | Coronary heart disease | 105 | 40.7 |
6 | Diabetes mellitus | 98 | 38.0 |
7 | Skin and tissue disease | 87 | 33.7 |
8 | Chronic low back pain | 75 | 29.1 |
9 | Respiratory diseases | 69 | 26.7 |
Medications
Rank | Drug |
n
| % |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gastrointestinal drugs | 199 | 77.1 |
2 | Vitamins and minerals | 185 | 71.7 |
3 | Traditional Chinese medicine | 156 | 60.5 |
4 | Osteoporosis preventing drugs | 143 | 55.4 |
5 | Antithrombotic drugs | 142 | 55.0 |
6 | β-blockers | 120 | 46.5 |
8 | Anti-constipation drugs | 102 | 39.5 |
9 | Prostate treatment drugs | 98 | 38.0 |
10 | Statins | 69 | 26.7 |
Index | Stratification |
n
| % |
---|---|---|---|
Drug types | < 10 | 143 | 55.4 |
10–15 | 59 | 22.9 | |
> 15 | 56 | 21.7 | |
Number of drug types | ≤10 | 9 | 3.5 |
11–20 | 119 | 46.1 | |
21–30 | 81 | 31.4 | |
> 30 | 49 | 19.0 | |
Adverse drug reactions | Yes | 104 | 40.3 |
No | 95 | 36.8 | |
Uncertain | 59 | 22.9 | |
Use of Chinese traditional medicines | Yes | 156 | 60.5 |
No | 102 | 39.5 | |
Use of over-the-counter health care products | Yes | 167 | 64.7 |
No | 91 | 35.3 |
Medication knowledge
Dimension (points) | Score | Average awareness rate (%) |
---|---|---|
Total score (100) | 68.7 ± 12.2 | 68.7 |
Medication mode (8) | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 71.3 |
Medication dosage (12) | 8.1 ± 3.4 | 67.5 |
Regular medication (12) | 8.5 ± 2.8 | 70.8 |
Drug side effects (12) | 6.7 ± 2.8 | 55.8 |
Drug abuse (16) | 10.1 ± 3.5 | 63.1 |
Expired drugs (16) | 12.3 ± 2.5 | 76.9 |
Drug incompatibility (4) | 2.7 ± 1.9 | 67.5 |
Drug storage (20) | 14.7 ± 3.5 | 73.5 |
PIM
PIM | Drug |
n
| % |
---|---|---|---|
Central nervous system drugs: estazolam, alprazolam | 10 | 14.3 | |
Drugs that should be avoided by elderly people | Gastrointestinal drugs: metoclopramide | 6 | 8.6 |
Anticholinergic drugs: diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine | 3 | 4.3 | |
Spironolactone > 25 mg/d | 5 | 7.1 | |
Digoxin > 0.125 mg/d | 4 | 5.7 | |
Amiodarone, propafenone | 3 | 4.3 | |
Short-acting nifedipine | 7 | 10.0 | |
Prazosin, terazosin | 4 | 5.7 | |
Ibuprofen, indomethacin | 5 | 7.1 | |
Liquid paraffin | 5 | 7.1 | |
Elderly-specific disease state-related PIMs | Aspirin for heart failure | 3 | 4.3 |
Benzodiazepines for dementia and cognitive impairment | 2 | 2.9 | |
Metoclopramide for Parkinson’s disease | 3 | 4.3 | |
Theophylline for insomnia | 2 | 2.9 | |
Drugs that should be used with caution by elderly people | Aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular events | 8 | 11.4 |
Compliance
Factors influencing compliance
Variable | OR (95% CI) |
P
|
---|---|---|
Age | 0.36 (0.21–0.63) | < 0.001 |
Medication types | 0.85 (0.75–0.95) | 0.004 |
Medication knowledge | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 0.004 |