Background
Methods
Results
Clinical features
All participants | Non-Polynesian ancestry | Māori or Pacific ancestry | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With data, % | No tophi (n = 1151) | Tophi (n = 627) |
P
| With data, % | No tophi (n = 639) | Tophi (n = 288) |
P
| With data, % | No tophi (n = 512) | Tophi (n = 339) |
P
| |
Male sex, n (%) | 100 | 955 (83.0%) | 542 (86.4%) | 0.06a
| 100 | 541 (84.7%) | 245 (85.1%) | 0.87a
| 100 | 414 (80.9%) | 297 (87.6%) | 0.01a
|
Age, years | 99.5 | 57 (14) | 58 (14) | 0.52b
| 100 | 62 (14) | 64 (13) | 0.02b
| 100 | 52 (13) | 53 (13) | 0.50b
|
Duration of gout, years | 98.3 | 13 (12) | 17 (12) | <0.001b
| 98.7 | 14 (13) | 16 (12) | <0.001b
| 97.8 | 11 (11) | 18 (12) | <0.001b
|
Number of gout flares in previous year | 95.9 | 4.8 (8.4) | 7.9 (11.9) | <0.001b
| 95.4 | 3.8 (7.5) | 6.2 (10.3) | <0.001a
| 96.5 | 6.0 (9.2) | 9.4 (13.0) | <0.001b
|
Māori or Pacific ancestry, n (%) | 100 | 512 (44.5%) | 339 (54.1%) | <0.001a
| ||||||||
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 98.4 | 32.9 (8.05) | 33.0 (7.66) | 0.78b
| 98.5 | 30.31 (7.19) | 29.86 (5.50) | 0.35b
| 98.4 | 36.13 (7.90) | 35.72 (8.20) | 0.47b
|
Cardiac disease, n (%) | 99.4 | 353 (30.9%) | 221 (35.3%) | 0.06a
| 99.7 | 203 (31.9%) | 116 (40.3%) | 0.01a
| 99.2 | 150 (29.6%) | 105 (31.1%) | 0.66a
|
Diabetes, n (%) | 98.6 | 217 (19.2%) | 138 (22.2%) | 0.14a
| 99.4 | 92 (14.5%) | 51 (17.7%) | 0.22a
| 97.8 | 125 (25.1%) | 87 (26.0%) | 0.76a
|
Alcohol intake, servings per week | 98.3 | 6.1 (10.8) | 5.4 (9.3) | 0.15b
| 99.4 | 6.9 (9.9) | 6.6 (9.9) | 0.62b
| 97.9 | 5.1 (11.8) | 4.4 (8.5) | 0.31b
|
Diuretic use, n (%) | 100 | 285 (24.8%) | 173 (27.6%) | 0.06a
| 100 | 157 (24.6%) | 85 (29.5%) | 0.06a
| 100 | 128 (25.0%) | 88 (26.0%) | 0.57a
|
Colchicine use, n (%) | 94.4 | 547 (51.2%) | 406 (67.3%) | <0.001a
| 97.1 | 275 (44.6%) | 168 (59.7%) | <0.001a
| 91.4 | 272 (53.1%) | 238 (70.2%) | <0.001a
|
Prednisone use, n (%) | 95.1 | 433 (40.1%) | 322 (53.0%) | <0.001a
| 97.5 | 214 (34.5%) | 141 (49.6%) | <0.001a
| 92.5 | 219 (47.6%) | 181 (55.9%) | 0.02a
|
NSAID use, n (%) | 97.0 | 877 (78.6%) | 499 (81.1%) | 0.21a
| 98.2 | 470 (75.2%) | 224 (78.8%) | 0.23a
| 95.8 | 400 (83.2%) | 275 (83.4%) | 0.97a
|
Urate-lowering therapy, n (%) | 99.5 | 829 (72.5%) | 541 (86.4%) | <0.001a
| 99.5 | 441 (69.6%) | 244 (84.7%) | <0.001a
| 99.5 | 388 (76.2%) | 297 (87.9%) | <0.001a
|
Creatinine at time of recruitment, mmol/L | 98.9 | 111 (57) | 120 (57) | <0.001b
| 99.1 | 109 (45) | 121 (57) | <0.001b
| 98.1 | 114 (68) | 120 (57) | 0.22b
|
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
| 98.7 | 65 (20) | 61 (22) | <0.001b
| 99.1 | 64 (20) | 59 (22) | <0.001b
| 98.1 | 65 (21) | 63 (21) | 0.09b
|
Serum urate at time of recruitment, mmol/L | 100 | 0.42 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.12) | 0.76b
| 100 | 0.40 (0.11) | 0.40 (0.11) | 0.59b
| 100 | 0.44 (0.11) | 0.42 (0.13) | 0.08b
|
Highest recorded serum urate, mmol/L | 100 | 0.55 (1.11) | 0.55 (0.13) | 0.97b
| 100 | 0.49 (0.13) | 0.52 (0.12) | <0.001b
| 100 | 0.62 (1.65) | 0.57 (0.12) | 0.59b
|
Genetic analysis
All participants | Non-Polynesian ancestry | Māori or Pacific ancestry | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With data, % | No tophi (n = 1151) | Tophi (n = 627) |
P
a
| With data, % | No tophi (n = 639) | Tophi (n = 288) |
P
a
| With data, % | No tophi (n = 512) | Tophi (n = 339) |
P
a
| |
SLC2A9 rs11942223 protective allele (C) present, n (%) | 100 | 204 (17.7%) | 94 (15.0%) | 0.14 | 100 | 168 (26.3%) | 69 (24.0%) | 0.45 | 100 | 36 (7.0%) | 25 (7.4%) | 0.85 |
ABCG2 rs2231142 risk allele (T) present, n (%) | 100 | 483 (42.0%) | 296 (47.2%) | 0.033 | 100 | 263 (41.2%) | 116 (40.3%) | 0.80 | 100 | 220 (43.0%) | 180 (53.1%) | 0.004 |
ABCG2 rs10011796 risk allele (T) present, n (%) | 97.9 | 917 (81.7%) | 529 (85.6%) | 0.039 | 97.5 | 490 (78.9%) | 230 (81.3%) | 0.41 | 98.2 | 427 (85.2%) | 299 (89.3%) | 0.092 |
Eastern Polynesian ancestry | Western Polynesian ancestry | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
With data, % | No tophi (n = 291) | Tophi (n = 173) |
p
a
| With data, % | No tophi (n = 221) | Tophi (n = 166) |
p
a
| |
SLC2A9 rs11942223 protective allele (C) present, n (%) | 100 | 24 (8.2%) | 17 (9.8%) | 0.56 | 100 | 12 (5.4%) | 8 (4.8%) | 0.79 |
ABCG2 rs2231142 risk allele (T) present, n (%) | 100 | 70 (24.1%) | 50 (28.9%) | 0.25 | 100 | 150 (67.9%) | 130 (78.3%) | 0.023 |
ABCG2 rs10011796 risk allele (T) present, n (%) | 98.3 | 242 (84.9%) | 142 (83.0%) | 0.60 | 98.2 | 185 (85.6%) | 157 (95.7%) | 0.001 |
ABCG2 variant | Risk allele | All participants (n = 1778) | Non-Polynesian ancestry (n = 927) | Māori or Pacific ancestry (n = 851) | Eastern Polynesian ancestry (n = 464) | Western Polynesian ancestry (n = 387) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| |||
rs2231142
| T | Unadjusted | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) | 0.033 | 0.97 (0.73–1.28) | 0.80 | 1.50 (1.14–1.99) | 0.004 | 1.28 (0.84–1.96) | 0.25 | 1.71 (1.07–2.72) | 0.017 |
Adjusted for age, sex, ancestrya
| 1.30 (1.06–1.58) | 0.012 | 0.99 (0.74–1.31) | 0.93 | 1.51 (1.14–2.01) | 0.004 | 1.24 (0.81–1.91) | 0.32 | 1.79 (1.12–2.87) | 0.015 | ||
Adjusted for age, sex, ancestrya, highest recorded urate, serum creatinine and disease duration | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 0.17 | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) | 0.83 | 1.37 (1.01–1.85) | 0.042 | 0.91 (0.57–1.45) | 0.70 | 1.66 (1.01–2.75) | 0.048 | ||
rs10011796
| T | Unadjusted | 1.33 (1.01–1.74) | 0.040 | 1.16 (0.81–1.66) | 0.41 | 1.44 (0.94–2.20) | 0.093 | 0.87 (0.52–1.46) | 0.60 | 3.76 (1.61–8.77) | 0.002 |
Adjusted for age, sex, ancestrya
| 1.31 (0.997–1.72) | 0.052 | 1.18 (0.83–1.69) | 0.36 | 1.45 (0.95–2.22) | 0.089 | 0.87 (0.52–1.47) | 0.61 | 3.75 (1.60–8.77) | 0.002 | ||
Adjusted for age, sex, ancestrya, highest recorded urate, serum creatinine and disease duration | 1.25 (0.94–1.65) | 0.13 | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | 0.55 | 1.39 (0.88–2.18) | 0.16 | 0.82 (0.47–1.43) | 0.49 | 3.23 (1.35–7.76) | 0.009 |
ABCG2 variant | Risk allele | Māori or Pacific ancestry (n = 689) | Eastern Polynesian ancestry (n = 323) | Western Polynesian ancestry (n = 366) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| Allelic OR (95% CI) |
P
| |||
rs2231142
| T | Unadjusted | 1.77 (1.30–2.42) | <0.001 | 1.65 (0.98–2.78) | 0.059 | 1.77 (1.10–2.87) | 0.020 |
Adjusted for age and sex | 1.76 (1.28–2.42) | <0.001 | 1.60 (0.95–2.69) | 0.077 | 1.86 (1.14–3.04) | 0.013 | ||
Adjusted for age, sex, highest recorded urate, serum creatinine and disease duration | 1.63 (1.17–2.28) | 0.004 | 1.29 (0.74–2.26) | 0.37 | 1.70 (1.01–2.86) | 0.045 | ||
rs10011796
| T | Unadjusted | 1.73 (1.04–2.88) | 0.036 | 0.90 (0.47–1.69) | 0.73 | 4.61 (1.73–12.26) | 0.002 |
Adjusted for age and sex | 1.74 (1.04–2.91) | 0.034 | 0.91 (0.48–1.73) | 0.78 | 4.58 (1.72–12.22) | 0.002 | ||
Adjusted for age, sex, highest recorded urate, serum creatinine and disease duration | 1.72 (1.002–2.95) | 0.049 | 0.89 (0.45–1.77) | 0.75 | 3.90 (1.42–10.68) | 0.008 |