Background
Methods
Study area
Data material
Analysis
Ethics
Results
Demographics
Variable | Response Category | Absolute Number | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 5939 | 13.23 |
Male | 38,928 | 86.75 | |
Missing | 7 | 0.02 | |
Year | 1964–1979 | 33.416 | 74.47 |
1980–2008 | 11,453 | 25.53 | |
Activity | Bombed by plan | 4889 | 10.89 |
Bystander, doing nothing | 4740 | 10.56 | |
Collecting food, water or wood | 2696 | 6.01 | |
Disturbed by animals | 1614 | 3.60 | |
Gun violence | 4358 | 9.71 | |
Making a fire | 2308 | 5.14 | |
Playing (children) | 1103 | 2.46 | |
Scrap Collection | 170 | 0.38 | |
Tampering | 1806 | 4.02 | |
Travelling | 7648 | 17.04 | |
Warfare | 7344 | 16.37 | |
Farming or Gardening/Digging | 4416 | 9.84 | |
Suicide | 15 | 0.03 | |
Missing | 1767 | 3.94 | |
Device type | Big bomb | 4266 | 9.51 |
Small bomb | 1158 | 2.58 | |
Bombie | 7163 | 15.96 | |
Mine | 8405 | 18.73 | |
Mortar | 2431 | 5.42 | |
Rocket | 1936 | 4.31 | |
Fuse | 233 | 0.52 | |
Artillery shell | 4965 | 11.06 | |
White phosphor bomb | 172 | 0.38 | |
Grenade | 3674 | 8.19 | |
Other | 8183 | 18.0 | |
Unknown | 2084 | 4.64 | |
Missing | 234 | 0.52 | |
Province | Vientiane Capital | 967 | 2.15 |
Phongsaly | 437 | 0.97 | |
Luang Namtha | 1014 | 2.26 | |
Oudomxay | 2590 | 5.77 | |
Bokeo | 805 | 1.8 | |
Luang Prabang | 3235 | 7.1 | |
Huaphan | 3504 | 7.81 | |
Xayabouly | 1167 | 2.6 | |
Xiengkhouang | 6552 | 14.4 | |
Vientiane province | 1411 | 3.14 | |
Bolikhamxay | 1197 | 2.67 | |
Khammuane | 2773 | 6.1 | |
Savannakhet | 11,197 | 24.95 | |
Saravan | 3523 | 7.85 | |
Sekong | 1161 | 2.59 | |
Champasack | 1563 | 3.48 | |
Attapeu | 2080 | 4.64 | |
Missing | 33 | 0.1 | |
Outcome | Death | 26,178 | 58.34 |
Injured | 18,683 | 41.63 | |
Missing | 13 | 0.03 | |
Total | 44,874 | 100.0 |
Overall (1964–2008)
OR | p-value | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | 1965–1979 | 1.55 | 0.00 | 1.479 | 1.630 |
a1980-2008 | 1.00 | ||||
Gender | Male | 1.01 | 0.82 | 0.946 | 1.072 |
aFemale | 1.00 | ||||
Cause of Accident | Bombed by plane | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.900 | 1.097 |
Collecting Food Water or Wood | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.692 | 0.847 | |
Disturbed by animals | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.582 | 0.738 | |
Gun Violence | 1.18 | 0.00 | 1.068 | 1.294 | |
Making Fire | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.348 | 0.430 | |
Playing | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.646 | 0.851 | |
Scrap Collection | 1.31 | 0.11 | 0.937 | 1.845 | |
Tampering | 0.57 | 0.00 | 0.506 | 0.648 | |
Travelling | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.768 | 0.902 | |
Warfare | 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.635 | 0.749 | |
Farming or Gardening | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.732 | 0.876 | |
Suicide | 5.91 | 0.02 | 1.326 | 26.339 | |
aDoing nothing/ Bystander | 1.00 | ||||
UXO Type | Bombie | 0.87 | 0.00 | 0.804 | 0.931 |
Artillery shell | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.778 | 0.910 | |
Big Bomb | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1.215 | 1.468 | |
Small Bomb | 1.04 | 0.57 | 0.905 | 1.200 | |
Grenade | 0.72 | 0.00 | 0.662 | 0.784 | |
Mortar | 0.72 | 0.00 | 0.650 | 0.791 | |
Rocket | 0.87 | 0.01 | 0.781 | 0.971 | |
Fuse | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.236 | 0.425 | |
White Phosphor Bomb | 0.58 | 0.00 | 0.423 | 0.794 | |
Other | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.785 | 0.906 | |
Unknown | 1.42 | 0.00 | 1.268 | 1.580 | |
aLandmine | 1.00 | ||||
Provinces | Attapeu | 2.20 | 0.00 | 1.761 | 2.736 |
Bokeo | 1.24 | 0.08 | 0.971 | 1.592 | |
Bolikhamxay | 1.03 | 0.81 | 0.817 | 1.295 | |
Champasack | 1.30 | 0.02 | 1.042 | 1.630 | |
Huaphan | 1.31 | 0.01 | 1.066 | 1.620 | |
Khammuane | 1.44 | 0.00 | 1.161 | 1.784 | |
Luang Namtha | 1.28 | 0.05 | 1.006 | 1.617 | |
Luang Prabang | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.810 | 1.235 | |
Oudomxay | 1.22 | 0.07 | 0.983 | 1.517 | |
Saravan | 1.70 | 0.00 | 1.380 | 2.103 | |
Savannakhet | 2.03 | 0.00 | 1.654 | 2.484 | |
Sekong | 1.76 | 0.00 | 1.391 | 2.223 | |
Vientiane Capital | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.273 | 0.448 | |
Vientiane province | 1.17 | 0.18 | 0.931 | 1.469 | |
Xayabouly | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.620 | 0.989 | |
Xiengkhouang | 1.10 | 0.36 | 0.896 | 1.352 | |
aPhongsaly | 1.00 |
Strata 1: During conflict (1964–1979)
IRR | Std. Err. | p-value | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 4.34 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 4.203 | 4.479 |
aFemale | 1.00 | |||||
Cause of Accident | Bombed by plane | 3.28 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 3.134 | 3.430 |
Collecting Food Water or Wood | 0.99 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.932 | 1.048 | |
Disturbed by animals | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.704 | 0.808 | |
Gun Violence | 2.00 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 1.908 | 2.106 | |
Making Fire | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.774 | 0.883 | |
Playing | 0.36 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.324 | 0.395 | |
Scrap Collection | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.081 | 0.138 | |
Tampering | 1.02 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.957 | 1.090 | |
Travelling | 3.10 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 2.974 | 3.240 | |
Warfare | 3.35 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 3.209 | 3.497 | |
Farming or Gardening/digging | 0.84 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.791 | 0.895 | |
Suicide | 0.86 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.804 | 0.916 | |
aDoing nothing /Bystander | 1.00 | |||||
UXO type | Landmine | 1.42 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 1.368 | 1.477 |
Artillery shell | 0.83 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.790 | 0.862 | |
Big Bomb | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.902 | 0.982 | |
Small Bomb | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.256 | 0.295 | |
Grenade | 0.57 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.542 | 0.598 | |
Mortar | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.394 | 0.441 | |
Rocket | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.347 | 0.390 | |
Fuse | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.091 | 0.130 | |
White Phosphor Bomb | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.070 | 0.099 | |
Other | 1.21 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1.163 | 1.259 | |
Unknown | 0.41 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.387 | 0.435 | |
aBombie | ||||||
Provinces | Attapeu | 5.94 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 5.251 | 6.709 |
Bokeo | 3.30 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 2.873 | 3.796 | |
Bolikhamxay | 1.46 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 1.278 | 1.668 | |
Champasack | 0.63 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.556 | 0.716 | |
Huaphan | 2.52 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 2.237 | 2.835 | |
Khammuane | 1.94 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 1.718 | 2.187 | |
Luang Namtha | 2.27 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 1.987 | 2.594 | |
Luang Prabang | 1.69 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 1.504 | 1.908 | |
Oudomxay | 3.27 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 2.898 | 3.681 | |
Saravan | 3.26 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 2.896 | 3.667 | |
Savannakhet | 2.61 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 2.327 | 2.925 | |
Sekong | 4.01 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 3.516 | 4.569 | |
Vientiane Capital | 0.61 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.535 | 0.697 | |
Vientiane province | 0.89 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.781 | 1.013 | |
Xayabouly | 0.92 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.805 | 1.057 | |
Xiengkhouang | 4.57 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 4.069 | 5.136 | |
aPhongsaly | 1.00 |
OR | P. value | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 0.97 | 0.41 | .903 | 1.043 |
aFemale | 1.00 | ||||
Cause of Accident | Bombed by plane | 1.02 | 0.63 | 0.919 | 1.147 |
Collecting Food Water or Wood | 0.91 | 0.17 | 0.804 | 1.039 | |
Disturbed by animals | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.566 | 0.757 | |
Gun Violence | 1.12 | 0.05 | 1.002 | 1.264 | |
Making Fire | 0.46 | 0.00 | 0.403 | 0.533 | |
Playing | 0.84 | 0.10 | 0.683 | 1.038 | |
Scrap Collection | 2.30 | 0.03 | 1.073 | 4.943 | |
Tampering | 0.51 | 0.00 | 0.438 | 0.594 | |
Travelling | 0.80 | 0.00 | 0.728 | 0.881 | |
Warfare | 0.66 | 0.00 | 0.604 | 0.735 | |
Farming or Gardening | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.735 | 0.920 | |
Suicide | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.033 | 8.719 | |
aDoing nothing/ Bystander | 1.00 | ||||
Uxo type | Bombie | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.769 | 0.918 |
Artillery shell | 0.89 | 0.02 | 0.817 | 0.980 | |
Big Bomb | 1.38 | 0.00 | 1.243 | 1.522 | |
Small Bomb | 1.07 | 0.37 | 0.918 | 1.252 | |
Grenade | 0.72 | 0.00 | 0.652 | 0.793 | |
Mortar | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.667 | 0.839 | |
Rocket | 0.96 | 0.55 | 0.849 | 1.092 | |
Fuse | 0.41 | 0.00 | 0.282 | 0.594 | |
White Phosphor Bomb | 0.67 | 0.02 | 0.471 | 0.948 | |
Other | 0.97 | 0.57 | 0.895 | 1.062 | |
Unknown | 1.69 | 0.00 | 1.487 | 1.939 | |
aLandmine | 1.00 | ||||
Provinces | Attapeu | 2.04 | 0.00 | 1.579 | 2.630 |
Bokeo | 1.07 | 0.62 | 0.807 | 1.427 | |
Bolikhamxay | 0.83 | 0.17 | 0.629 | 1.085 | |
Champasack | 1.11 | 0.44 | 0.854 | 1.436 | |
Huaphan | 1.27 | 0.05 | 0.995 | 1.617 | |
Khammuane | 1.21 | 0.14 | 0.940 | 1.549 | |
Luang Namtha | 1.11 | 0.44 | 0.845 | 1.462 | |
Luang Prabang | 0.95 | 0.67 | 0.744 | 1.209 | |
Oudomxay | 1.25 | 0.08 | 0.973 | 1.605 | |
Saravan | 1.54 | 0.00 | 1.205 | 1.961 | |
Savannakhet | 1.79 | 0.00 | 1.419 | 2.276 | |
Sekong | 1.66 | 0.00 | 1.258 | 2.177 | |
Vientiane Capital | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.253 | 0.443 | |
Vientiane province | 0.96 | 0.78 | 0.738 | 1.256 | |
Xayabouly | 0.76 | 0.05 | 0.572 | 0.998 | |
Xiengkhouang | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.774 | 1.249 | |
aPhongsaly | 1.00 |
Strata 2: Post-conflict (1980–2008)
IRR | Std. Err. | p-value | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 4.64 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 4.354 | 4.942 |
aFemale | 1.00 | |||||
Cause of Accident | Bombed by plane | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.719 | 1.126 |
Collecting Food Water or Wood | 0.97 | 0.04 | 0.40 | 0.893 | 1.046 | |
Disturbed by animals | 0.71 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.643 | 0.784 | |
Gun Violence | 2.39 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 2.205 | 2.583 | |
Making Fire | 0.90 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.833 | 0.979 | |
Playing | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.712 | 0.852 | |
Scrap Collection | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.247 | 0.358 | |
Tampering | 0.70 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.627 | 0.785 | |
Travelling | 1.59 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 1.470 | 1.716 | |
Warfare | 2.45 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 2.277 | 2.646 | |
Farming or Gardening/digging | 1.02 | 0.04 | 0.53 | 0.954 | 1.097 | |
Suicide | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.144 | 0.500 | |
aBystander/Doing nothing | ||||||
Uxo type | Bombie | 1.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.006 | 1.143 |
Artillery shell | 0.64 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.593 | 0.687 | |
Big Bomb | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.203 | 0.295 | |
Small Bomb | 0.33 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.282 | 0.396 | |
Grenade | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.372 | 0.436 | |
Mortar | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.393 | 0.468 | |
Rocket | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.503 | 0.615 | |
Fuse | 0.36 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.298 | 0.446 | |
White Phosphor Bomb | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.110 | 0.210 | |
Other | 0.78 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.731 | 0.831 | |
Unknown | 0.68 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.626 | 0.742 | |
aLandmine | 1.00 | |||||
Provinces | Attapeu | 3.52 | 0.37 | 0.00 | 2.857 | 4.332 |
Bokeo | 1.54 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 1.219 | 1.950 | |
Bolikhamxay | 1.13 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.917 | 1.396 | |
Champasack | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.378 | 0.579 | |
Huaphan | 1.83 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 1.504 | 2.239 | |
Khammuane | 1.72 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 1.408 | 2.099 | |
Luang Namtha | 1.20 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.954 | 1.513 | |
Luang Prabang | 1.66 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 1.350 | 2.035 | |
Oudomxay | 1.93 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 1.563 | 2.381 | |
Saravan | 1.13 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.918 | 1.386 | |
Savannakhet | 1.51 | 0.15 | 0.00 | 1.251 | 1.832 | |
Sekong | 1.72 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 1.375 | 2.146 | |
Vientiane Capital | 0.47 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.372 | 0.604 | |
Vientiane province | 0.63 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.508 | 0.793 | |
Xayabouly | 0.97 | 0.10 | 0.78 | 0.786 | 1.199 | |
Xiengkhouang | 2.56 | .25 | 0.00 | 2.12 | 3.112 | |
aPhongsaly | 1.00 |
Outcome | OR | P. value | 95% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 1.14 | 0.039 | 1.006 | 1.303 |
aFemale | 1.00 | ||||
Cause of Accident | Bombed by plane | 1.04 | 0.85 | 0.660 | 1.651 |
Collecting Food Water or Wood | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.499 | 0.703 | |
Disturbed by animals | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.550 | 0.833 | |
Gun Violence | 1.35 | 0.00 | 1.134 | 1.602 | |
Making Fire | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.260 | 0.367 | |
Playing | 0.63 | 0.00 | 0.523 | 0.770 | |
Scrap Collection | 1.02 | 0.90 | 0.689 | 1.526 | |
Tampering | 0.71 | 0.00 | 0.569 | 0.885 | |
Travelling | 0.98 | 0.81 | 0.834 | 1.152 | |
Warfare | 0.81 | 0.01 | 0.687 | 0.956 | |
Farming or Gardening | 0.74 | 0.00 | 0.635 | 0.856 | |
Suicide | 11.56 | 0.01 | 1.493 | 89.631 | |
aDoing nothing/ Bystander | |||||
UXO type | Bombie | 0.93 | 0.32 | 0.811 | 1.071 |
Artillery shell | 0.76 | 0.00 | 0.648 | 0.892 | |
Big Bomb | 1.09 | 0.62 | 0.774 | 1.541 | |
Small Bomb | 0.92 | 0.64 | 0.647 | 1.311 | |
Grenade | 0.77 | 0.00 | 0.651 | 0.909 | |
Mortar | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.552 | 0.811 | |
Rocket | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.515 | 0.813 | |
Fuse | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.121 | 0.341 | |
White Phosphor Bomb | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.148 | 0.751 | |
Other | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.540 | 0.713 | |
Unknown | 0.96 | 0.70 | 0.780 | 1.178 | |
aLandmine | 1.00 | ||||
Provinces | Attapeu | 2.43 | 0.00 | 1.537 | 3.855 |
Bokeo | 1.89 | 0.01 | 1.132 | 3.163 | |
Bolikhamxay | 1.62 | 0.04 | 1.032 | 2.570 | |
Champasack | 1.87 | 0.00 | 1.184 | 2.947 | |
Huaphan | 1.41 | 0.12 | 0.910 | 2.175 | |
Khammuane | 2.04 | 0.00 | 1.313 | 3.183 | |
Luang Namtha | 1.91 | 0.01 | 1.167 | 3.136 | |
Luang Prabang | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.616 | 1.529 | |
Oudomxay | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.589 | 1.516 | |
Saravan | 2.00 | 0.00 | 1.286 | 3.124 | |
Savannakhet | 2.53 | 0.00 | 1.662 | 3.866 | |
Sekong | 1.86 | 0.01 | 1.157 | 3.007 | |
Vientiane Capital | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.181 | 0.604 | |
Vientiane province | 1.780 | 0.01 | 1.119 | 2.832 | |
Xayabouly | 0.86 | 0.53 | 0.547 | 1.368 | |
Xiengkhouang | 1.41 | 0.11 | 0.921 | 2.152 | |
aPhongsaly | 1.00 |