Background
Cross-cultural differences in ageing perceptions
Resources
Purpose of the study
Methods
Data collection
Measures
Perceptions of ageing
Physical resources
Personal resources
Economic resources
Social resources
Analyses
Results
Sample characteristics
Variable (range) | Turkish (n = 680) | Dutch (n = 994) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD)/% | Missing (%) | M (SD)/% | Missing (%) |
t or χ
2
|
p
| |
Personal resources
| ||||||
Age (years) | 72.89 (5.03) | 0.0 | 78.66 (6.07) | 0.0 | 20.843 | <0.001 |
Education (low) | 80.9 | 0.5 | 15.5 | 2.2 | 677.439 | <0.001 |
Gender (female) | 47.6 | 0.0 | 58.1 | 0.0 | 17.249 | <0.001 |
Physical resources
| ||||||
Health (poor) | 72.6 | 0.6 | 44.5 | 1.9 | 122.359 | <0.001 |
Economic resources
| ||||||
Income (<€1350) | 84.7 | 17.9 | 34.2 | 15.4 | 330.917 | <0.001 |
Social resources
| ||||||
Marital status (single/widowed/divorced) | 29.1 | 0.5 | 57.4 | 1.5 | 123.829 | <0.001 |
Ethnic differences in ageing perceptions
Turkish (n = 662a) | Dutch (n = 994) |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|
Timeline (negative awareness of ageing)
| |||
Chronic/acute | 3.79 (0.90) | 3.34 (0.91) | <0.001 |
Cyclical | 3.55 (0.72) | 2.85 (0.86) | <0.001 |
Perceived consequences of ageing
| |||
Positive | 3.60 (0.95) | 3.40 (0.73) | <0.001 |
Negative | 3.86 (0.91) | 3.40 (0.81) | <0.001 |
Feeling in control
| |||
Control over positive ageing effects | 3.46 (0.97) | 3.71 (0.68) | <0.001 |
Control over negative ageing effects | 2.24 (0.83) | 2.41 (0.74) | <0.001 |
Negative emotional representations
| 2.86 (1.02) | 2.45 (0.84) | <0.001 |
Ageing perceptions: a matter of culture or resources?
Timeline chronic
(negative perceptions)
| Timeline cyclical
(negative perceptions)
| Consequence positive
(positive perceptions)
| Consequence negative
(negative perceptions)
| Control positive
(positive perceptions)
| Control negative
(positive perceptions)
| Emotional representations
(negative perceptions)
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural resources
| |||||||
Turkish ethnicity | 0.235*** | 0.388*** | 0.120*** | 0.256*** | −0.153*** | −0.103*** | 0.212*** |
Physical resources
| |||||||
Poor health | 0.272*** | 0.373*** | −0.02 | 0.427*** | −0.182*** | −0.206*** | 0.293*** |
Personal resources
| |||||||
Age | 0.100*** | −0.043 | −0.074** | 0.104*** | −0.018 | −0.094*** | −0.019 |
Low educational level | 0.241*** | 0.276*** | 0.050* | 0.235*** | −0.150*** | −0.128*** | 0.197*** |
Female gender | −0.026 | −0.006 | 0.016 | 0.020 | −0.043 | −0.048* | 0.031 |
Economic resources
| |||||||
Low income | 0.151*** | 0.260*** | 0.069** | 0.199*** | −0.059* | −0.108*** | 0.171*** |
Social resources
| |||||||
Single/widowed/divorced | −0.013 | −0.042 | −0.039 | −0.024 | −0.007 | −0.031 | 0.001 |
Multivariate associations between resources and ageing perceptions
Variables | Timeline chronic/acute
(negative perceptions)
| Timeline cyclical
(negative perceptions)
| Consequence positive
(positive perceptions)
| Consequence negative
(negative perceptions)
| Control positive
(positive perceptions)
| Control negative
(positive perceptions)
| Emotional representations
(negative perceptions)
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I B (SE) | Model II B (SE) | Model I B (SE) | Model II B (SE) | Model I B (SE) | Model II B (SE) | Model I B (SE) | Model II B (SE) | Model I B (SE) | Model II B (SE) | Model I B (SE) | Model II B (SE) | Model I B (SE) | Model II B (SE) | |
Cultural resources
| ||||||||||||||
Turkish ethnicity | .43 (.05)***
| .36 (.08)***
| .75 (.05)***
| .69 (.07)***
| .24 (.05)***
| .33 (.07)***
| .49 (.05)***
| .40 (.07)***
| −.22 (.05)*** | −.22 (.07)***
| −.20 (.04)*** | −.17 (.07)** | .45 (.05)*** | .29 (.08)*** |
Physical resources
| ||||||||||||||
Poor health | .37 (.05)***
| .47 (.05)***
| −.12 (.05)*
| .61 (.05)***
| −.25 (.05)*** | −.26 (.04)*** | .42 (.05)*** | |||||||
Personal resources
| ||||||||||||||
Age | .04 (.00)***
| .02 (.00)***
| −.01 (.00) | .03 (.00)***
| −.01 (.00)*** | −.02 (.00)*** | .01 (.00)* | |||||||
Low educational level | .24 (.06)***
| .01 (.06) | −.13 (.06)*
| .11 (.06)*
| −.10 (.06) | −.12 (.06)* | .13 (.07)* | |||||||
Female gender | −.07 (.05)*
| −.02 (.05) | .08 (.05) | .02 (.05) | −.02 (.05) | −.01 (.05) | .02 (.05) | |||||||
Economic resources
| ||||||||||||||
Low income | .01 (.06) | .06 (.05) | .01 (.06) | .06 (.05) | .09 (.06) | −.02 (.05) | .04 (.06) | |||||||
Social resources
| ||||||||||||||
Single/widowed | .02 (.06) | .04 (.05) | .04 (.05) | −.04 (.05) | −.02 (.05) | −.02 (.05) | .04 (.05) | |||||||
R
2
| .05 | .16 | .17 | .26 | .02 | .03 | .07 | .25 | .02 | .05 | .02 | .08 | .06 | .12 |
Timeline chronic/acute
(negative perceptions)
| Timeline cyclical
(negative perceptions)
| Consequence positive
(positive perceptions)
| Consequence negative
(negative perceptions)
| Control positive
(positive perceptions)
| Control negative
(positive perceptions)
| Emotional representations
(negative perceptions)
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B(SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI |
Physical resources
| |||||||
Poor health | .22 (.09)**
.055 – .387 | .35 (.07)***
.209 – .487 | −.35 (.09)***
−.530 – −.163 | .62 (.08)***
.458 – .785 | −.38 (.10)*** −.565 – −.188 | −.30 (.08)*** −.456 – −.133 | .50 (.10)*** .306 – .696 |
Personal resources
| |||||||
Age | .01 (.01) −.002 – .027 | .00 (.01) −.010 – .014 | −.01 (.01) −.030 – .003 | .01 (.01) −.005 – .024 | −.02 (.01)* −.034 – .000 | −.01 (.01) −.022 – .007 | .01 (.01) −.010 – .025 |
Low educational level | .38 (.10)***
.185 – .564 | .10 (.08) −.058 – .259 | −.16 (.11) −.369 – .050 | .30 (.10)**
.110 – .482 | −.25 (.11)* −.461 – .031 | −.20 (.09)* −.381 – −.013 | .17 (.11) −.051 – .394 |
Female gender | .12 (.08) −.048 – .284 | .02 (.07) −.115 – .162 | .09 (.12) −.096 – .270 | .07 (.08) −.096 – .230 | .05 (.10) −.138 – .238 | .04 (.08) −.126 – .196 | −.03 (.10) −.226 – .163 |
Economic resources
| |||||||
Low income | .02 (.11) −.185 – .231 | .01 (.09) −.168 – .180 | .09 (.12) −.138 – .321 | .01 (.10) −.199 – .210 | .07 (.12) −.168 – .303 | .16 (.10) −.042 – .362 | −.12 (.12) −.359 – .129 |
Social resources
| |||||||
Single/widowed | −.01 (.09) −.193 – .168 | −.05 (.08) −.202 – .100 | −.00 (.10) −.203 – .195 | .03 (.09) −.143 – .212 | −.01 (.09) −.313 – .096 | −.02 (.05) −.184 – .166 | .12 (.11) −.096 – .327 |
R
2
| .06 | .05 | .00 | .25 | .03 | .09 | .07 |
Timeline chronic/acute
(negative perceptions)
| Timeline cyclical
(negative perceptions)
| Consequence positive
(positive perceptions)
| Consequence negative
(negative perceptions)
| Control positive
(positive perceptions)
| Control negative
(positive perceptions)
| Emotional representations
(negative perceptions)
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B(SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI | B (SE) CI |
Physical resources
| |||||||
Poor health | .43 (.06)***
−.896 – .678 | .54 (.06)***
.424 – .649 | .01 (.05) −.093 – .107 | .60 (.05)***
.497 – .699 | −.18 (.05)*** −.273 – −.086 | −.26 (.05)*** −.353 – −.155 | .38 (.06)*** .271 – .496 |
Personal resources
| |||||||
Age | .05 (.01)***
.308 – .542 | .03 (.01)***
.016 – .035 | −.00 (.00) −.012 – .005 | .05 (.00)***
.037 – .054 | −.01 (.00)*** −.021 – −.005 | −.03 (.00)*** −.035 – −.019 | .01 (.01)* .000 – .019 |
Low educational level | .09 (.08) .037 – .057 | −.05 (.08) −.205 – .106 | −.09 (.07) −.227 – .050 | −.05 (.07) −.185 – .094 | .03 (.07) −.103 – .155 | −.08 (.07) −.214 – .060 | .10 (.08) −.053 – .258 |
Female gender | .12 (.08)***
−.422 – −.166 | −.04 (.06) −.165 – .080 | .10 (.06) −.007 – .212 | −.05 (.06) −.157 – .064 | −.03 (.05) −.129 – .076 | −.03 (.06) −.141 – .076 | .04 (.06) −.083 – .163 |
Economic resources
| |||||||
Low income | .03 (.07) −.144 – .164 | .07 (.07) −.068 – .199 | −.04 (.06) −.163 – .075 | .11 (.06) −.007 – .233 | .07 (.06) −.043 – .180 | −.09 (.06) −.211 – .024 | .12 (.07) −.014 – .253 |
Social resources
| |||||||
Single/widowed | .03 (.07) −.109 – .175 | .08 (.07) −.056 – .215 | .07 (.06) −.056 – .185 | −.09 (.06) −.211 – .033 | .03 (.06) −.079 – .147 | .04 (.06) −.116 – .124 | −.02 (.07) −.159 – .113 |
R
2
| .17 | .14 | .00 | .25 | .03 | .09 | .07 |