Background
Methods
Study design
Results
Characteristics of patients with AKI
Variables | AKI
n = 78 | Non-AKI
n = 14426 |
Odds ratio
(95%)
|
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Male | 56 (71.8) | 8267 (57.3) | 1.9 (1.16–3.11) | 0.010 |
Female | 22 (28.2) | 6159 (42.7) | 0.5 (0.32–0.86) | 0.010 |
Age | 62.9 ± 21.0 | 52.7 ± 19.2 | — | <0.001 |
Comorbidity | ||||
DM | 20 (25.6) | 2087 (14.5) | 2.0 (1.22–3.40) | 0.005 |
HTN | 36 (46.2) | 3928 (27.2) | 2.3 (1.47–3.58) | <0.001 |
CAD | 9 (11.5) | 494 (3.4) | 3.7 (1.83–7.41) | 0.001 |
CVA | 7 (9.0) | 569 (3.9) | 2.4 (1.10–5.24) | 0.035 |
Alcohol >50, n (%) | 4 (5.1) | 989 (6.9) | 0.7 (0.27–2.01) | 0.547 |
GCS | 11.5 ± 4.8 | 14.3 ± 2.3 | — | <0.001 |
≤8 | 20 (25.6) | 718 (5.0) | 6.6 (3.94–11.00) | <0.001 |
9–12 | 8 (10.3) | 557 (3.9) | 2.8 (1.36–5.94) | 0.011 |
≥13 | 50 (64.1) | 13151 (91.2) | 0.2 (0.11–0.28) | <0.001 |
AIS, n (%) | ||||
Head/Neck | 35 (44.9) | 3766 (26.1) | 2.3 (1.47–3.61) | <0.001 |
Face | 11 (14.1) | 2158 (15.0) | 0.9 (0.49–1.77) | 0.832 |
Thorax | 17 (21.8) | 1610 (11.2) | 2.2 (1.29–3.81) | 0.003 |
Abdomen | 11 (14.1) | 851 (5.9) | 2.6 (1.38–4.97) | 0.006 |
Extremity | 41 (52.6) | 10792 (74.8) | 0.4 (0.24–0.58) | <0.001 |
ISS | 19.8 ± 17.3 | 8.9 ± 7.2 | — | <0.001 |
<16 | 40 (51.3) | 12119 (84.0) | 0.2 (0.13–0.31) | <0.001 |
16–24 | 15 (19.2) | 1599 (11.1) | 1.9 (1.09–3.36) | 0.023 |
≥25 | 23 (29.5) | 708 (4.9) | 8.1 (4.95–13.26) | <0.001 |
Mortality, n (%) | 35 (44.9) | 295 (2.0) | 39.0 (24.6–61.8) | <0.001 |
LOS (days) | 18.3 ± 16.8 | 9.8 ± 10.4 | — | <0.001 |
ICU | ||||
Patients, n (%) | 45 (57.7) | 2744 (19.0) | 5.8 (3.70–9.12) | <0.001 |
LOS in ICU (days) | 18.8 ± 19.7 | 8.6 ± 11.5 | — | 0.001 |
Injury severity and outcome among patients with AKI
Physiological response and procedures performed in the emergency room
Variables | AKI
n = 78 | Non-AKI
n = 14426 |
Odds ratio
(95%)
|
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Physiology at ER, n (%) | ||||
GCS <13 | 28 (35.9) | 1275 (8.8) | 5.8 (3.62–9.21) | <0.001 |
SBP <90 mmHg | 6 (7.7) | 332 (2.3) | 3.5 (1.53–8.19) | 0.010 |
Heart rate >100 beats/min | 28 (35.9) | 2714 (18.8) | 2.4 (1.52–3.85) | <0.001 |
Respiratory rate <10 or >29 | 4 (5.1) | 81 (0.6) | 9.6 (3.42–26.80) | 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (Hb) | 12.1 ± 2.9 | 13.2 ± 2.1 | — | 0.001 |
Hematocrit (Hct) | 35.8 ± 7.9 | 39.1 ± 5.6 | — | <0.001 |
BUN | 28.9 ± 24.5 | 15.5 ± 10.0 | — | <0.001 |
Creatinine (Cr) | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 1.1 ± 1.8 | — | <0.001 |
Procedures at ER, n (%) | ||||
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 4 (5.1) | 21 (0.1) | 37.1 (12.42–110.66) | <0.001 |
Intubation | 12 (15.4) | 368 (2.6) | 6.9 (3.72–12.96) | <0.001 |
Chest tube insertion | 4 (5.1) | 184 (1.3) | 4.2 (1.51–11.56) | 0.019 |
Blood transfusion | 13 (16.7) | 528 (3.7) | 5.3 (2.88–9.61) | <0.001 |
SBP before leaving ER (mmHg) | 143.9 ± 41.1 | 140.0 ± 27.1 | — | 0.402 |
Time stayed in ER (hour) | 4.5 ± 4.7 | 4.2 ± 4.7 | — | 0.566 |
Associated injuries among patients with AKI
Variables | AKI
n = 78 | Non-AKI
n = 14426 |
Odds ratio
(95%)
|
P
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Subdural hematoma (SDH) | 13 (16.7) | 1424 (9.9) | 1.8 (1.00–3.32) | 0.045 |
Intracerebral hematoma (ICH) | 6 (7.7) | 306 (2.1) | 3.8 (1.66–8.91) | 0.007 |
Intra-abdominal injury | 5 (6.4) | 226 (1.6) | 4.3 (1.72–10.75) | 0.008 |
Hepatic injury | 4 (5.1) | 235 (1.6) | 3.3 (1.18–9.00) | 0.040 |
Rhabdomyolysis | 8 (10.3) | 9 (0.1) | 183.1 (68.65–488.23) | <0.001 |
Association of shock with occurrence of AKI
Before matching | After matching | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | AKI
n = 78 | Non-AKI
n = 14426 |
Odds ratio
(95%)
|
P
| AKI
n = 71 | Non-AKI
n = 71 |
Odds ratio
(95%)
|
P
|
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 56 (71.8) | 8267 (57.3) | 1.9 (1.16–3.11) | 0.010 | 51 (71.8) | 51 (71.8) | 1.0 (0.48–2.08) | 1.000 |
Female | 22 (28.2) | 6159 (42.7) | 0.5 (0.32–0.86) | 0.010 | 20 (28.2) | 20 (28.2) | ||
Age | 62.9 ± 21.0 | 52.7 ± 19.2 | — | <0.001 | 62.9 ± 21.4 | 62.3 ± 21.4 | — | 0.869 |
Comorbidity | ||||||||
DM | 20 (25.6) | 2087 (14.5) | 2.0 (1.22–3.40) | 0.005 | 18 (25.4) | 18 (25.4) | 1.0 (0.47–2.13) | 1.000 |
HTN | 36 (46.2) | 3928 (27.2) | 2.3 (1.47–3.58) | <0.001 | 31 (43.7) | 31 (43.7) | 1.0 (0.52–1.94) | 1.000 |
CAD | 9 (11.5) | 494 (3.4) | 3.7 (1.83–7.41) | 0.001 | 7 (9.9) | 7 (9.9) | 1.0 (0.33–3.02) | 1.000 |
CVA | 7 (9.0) | 569 (3.9) | 2.4 (1.10–5.24) | 0.035 | 5 (7.0) | 5 (7.0) | 1.0 (0.28–3.62) | 1.000 |
GCS | 11.5 ± 4.8 | 14.3 ± 2.3 | — | <0.001 | 11.9 ± 4.6 | 12.1 ± 4.6 | — | 0.784 |
AIS, n (%) | ||||||||
Head/Neck | 35 (44.9) | 3766 (26.1) | 2.3 (1.47–3.61) | <0.001 | 34 (47.9) | 34 (47.9) | 1.0 (0.52–1.93) | 1.000 |
Thorax | 17 (21.8) | 1610 (11.2) | 2.2 (1.29–3.81) | 0.003 | 14 (19.7) | 14 (19.7) | 1.0 (0.44–2.29) | 1.000 |
Abdomen | 11 (14.1) | 851 (5.9) | 2.6 (1.38–4.97) | 0.006 | 10 (14.1) | 10 (14.1) | 1.0 (0.39–2.57) | 1.000 |
Extremity | 41 (52.6) | 10792 (74.8) | 0.4 (0.24–0.58) | <0.001 | 40 (56.3) | 40 (56.3) | 1.0 (0.52–1.94) | 1.000 |
ISS | 19.8 ± 17.3 | 8.9 ± 7.2 | — | <0.001 | 18.3 ± 15.2 | 18.1 ± 15.2 | — | 0.960 |
SBP <90 mmHg | 6 (7.7) | 332 (2.3) | 3.5 (1.53–8.19) | 0.010 | 5 (7.0) | 6 (8.5) | 0.8 (0.24–2.82) | 0.754 |