Background
There are almost 1,000,000 new cases of gastric cancer every year worldwide, and half of these occur in Eastern Asia, particularly in China. Although the incidence of gastric cancer has declined over the years, it remains the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world [
1]. So far, surgical resection is still the primary treatment for resectable gastric cancer. Concomitantly, gastrectomy for gastric cancer may lead to high rates of postoperative complication, which has a negative effect on hospital recovery and long-term survival [
2‐
5]. So, it is necessary to identify accurate predictive factors to predict postoperative complications early after surgery.
Several systemic inflammatory markers, including the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), C-reactive protein (CRP), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), have been established to predict postoperative complication [
6]. As an acute-phase protein, CRP was widely studied in large number of surgery [
7,
8]. Recently, a few studies began studying the predictive value of CRP for gastric cancer resection [
9,
10]. In addition, predictors showing nutritional status, such as hypoalbuminemia, low body mass index (BMI), and weight loss, were also reported to be associated with postoperative recovery of gastric cancer [
11,
12].
As a combination of these two aspects, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) has been shown to be a promising prognostic index in pancreatic cancer [
13], colorectal cancer, and renal cell cancer et al. [
14,
15]. Liu et al. and Toiyama et al. have reported, respectively, that elevated CAR was related to a poor prognosis for gastric cancer resection [
16,
17]. The former studies have largely been focused on preoperative CAR but to a lesser extent on that after surgery. Until now, whether altered postoperative CAR is associated with poor prognosis remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the predictive value of postoperative CAR for short-term complications after gastric cancer resection.
Discussion
In this study, patients with high postoperative CAR were more likely to have postoperative complications, and prolonged hospital stay. Additionally, postoperative CAR seemed to be more accurate to predict complications than postoperative CRP. Therefore, the postoperative CAR might be a promising predictor for postoperative complications after gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Surgical resection is the main treatment for resectable gastric cancer. Although gastric cancer resection greatly prolongs the survival of patients, it brings some harmful effects. The overall morbidity of postoperative complications and mortality rates were reported to be 13 to 38 and 2 to 8.5%, respectively [
21]. Postoperative complications, such as anastomotic leakage, and abdominal abscess have a negative effect on short-term surgical outcomes. Patients would have higher medical costs, and prolonged hospital stays. On the other hand, postoperative complications, especially infection complications, could cause prolonged inflammation which provides an appropriate microenvironment for recurrence of gastric cancer, and finally affect long-term survival [
2,
5,
22]. Thus, no matter in terms of short-term or long-term outcomes, postoperative complications can bring catastrophic effects. So, it makes sense to find an accurate biochemical marker to predict postoperative complications in early stage.
Previous studies have proven that either preoperative or postoperative CRP could be an important predictive factor for both short-term outcomes and long-term mortality [
10,
23‐
25]. As one of the inflammatory markers, CRP elevation mainly owes to the inflammatory reaction for cancer and surgical procedure. Shishido and colleagues evaluated that postoperative CRP on POD 3 could predict infectious complications after gastric cancer resection [
10]. Kim et al. also demonstrated that postoperative CRP was a more accurate predictor for postoperative complications than other inflammatory markers, such as platelet count, neutrophil count, and ratios of these two factors [
9]. Although postoperative CRP holds promise for prediction postoperative complications, there are still some limitations for being used widely in clinical practice. The main drawbacks of CRP are predictive accuracy and time lag [
26,
27]. A recent study showed that the time point postoperative CRP began changing was late than some other inflammatory markers, like Interleukin-6 [
26]. In our study, multivariate analysis also showed that postoperative CRP on POD 3 was not an independent risk factor for complications following gastrectomy.
To improve the accuracy of CRP, we modified this predictive index by introducing another factor: albumin. Albumin is produced in liver and accounts for the most abundant serum protein [
28]. The serum albumin declines in patients with poor nutritional status, loss of skeletal muscle, and systemic inflammatory response [
29]. The decline in albumin is due to the reprioritizes from visceral proteins to acute phase proteins happening in the liver, capillary leakage and hemodilution with fluid infusion [
30,
31]. Furthermore, hypoalbuminemia has been proven to be a predictive marker for postoperative outcomes [
32]. Ryan et al. revealed that postoperative hypoalbuminemia was associated with complications after esophagectomy [
33]. Ge and his colleague also showed that the decrease of serum albumin could predict postoperative complications following colorectal resection [
34]. In this study, we merged CRP and albumin together to calculate a single index: CRP/Alb ratio. Evaluation showed that postoperative CAR had higher AUC than postoperative CRP alone, and was an independent risk factor for postoperative complications following gastrectomy.
In this article, we chose the POD 3 as the time point for calculating CAR for several reasons. On one hand, there have been compelling suggestions that postoperative CRP reaches a peak at POD 3 or 4, and its predictive accuracy is better than that in POD 1 or 2 [
9,
10]. On the other hand, the minimal albumin levels begin in 4–6 h after surgery and last for 3 days [
27,
35]. Since both CRP and albumin own the maximal amplitude on POD 3, it would be reasonable to assume that CAR on POD 3 has the highest predictive accuracy.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to consider the postoperative CAR as a predictor for postoperative complications following gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Our results corresponded to previous studies in other kinds of cancer, such as hepatocellular cancer [
36], lung cancer [
37], and pancreatic cancer [
13] et al. Although a good many research groups studied CAR, most of them focused on preoperative CAR. Considering inflammation from surgical trauma, postoperative CAR may be also a promising predictor for postoperative complications. Taken together, early detection of postoperative CAR may be beneficial to take action promptly before critical complications develop.
We acknowledge that there are some limitations in this study. First, the use of CAR on POD 3 may be a bit late for surgeons to perform preventive interventions. Second, it was a retrospective study, so it may be flawed by residual confounding factors. Third, patients enrolled in this study were from a single center. As the surgical technique and perioperative management played an important effect on postoperative complications, multicenter studies are needed to confirm our results. Lastly, the CAR cut-off value may be biased in this study for it was calculated using ROC analysis.