Background
Methods
Study design and settings
Sampling and sample size determination
Data collection
Microbiological data
Data analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Sociodemographic characteristics
Practice of sterilization and disinfection techniques
Variables | Frequency N (%) | Likert scaling |
---|---|---|
Have you ever used sterilization? (n = 123)
| ||
Yes | 97(78.9) | |
No | 26(21.1) | Risky practice |
Are you using sterilization now? (n = 120)
| ||
Yes | 92(76.7) | |
No | 28(23.3) | Risky practice |
What types of sterilization do you use? (n = 92)
| ||
Autoclave | 0(0) | |
Dry heat oven | 2(2.2) | |
Boiling | 1(1.1) | |
Direct flame | 82(89.3) | Good practice |
Others | 7(3.2) | |
Are you using disinfectant now? (n = 121)
| ||
Yes | 117(96.7) | |
No | 4(3.3) | Risky practice |
What type(s) of disinfectant (= 117)
| ||
Ethanol | 49(41.9) | Good practice |
Phenol | 3(2.6) | |
Carboxylic acid | 1(0.9) | |
Berekina | 17(14.5) | |
Combination of disinfectants | 3(2.6) | |
No disinfectant at all | 44(37.6) | |
Concentration of disinfectant used (n = 123)
| ||
96% | 26(21.1) | |
70% | 9(7.3) | |
Don’t know | 88(71.5) | Risky practice |
Where do you get the disinfectants? (n = 117)
| ||
Pharmacy | 48(39.7) | |
Shops | 57(47.1) | |
Market | 8(6.6) | Risky practice |
Other (whole sale distributor) | 4(3.3) | |
Is there any program of inspection carried out in your work area? n = (n = 102)
| ||
Yes | 11(10.8) | |
No | 91(89.2) | Risky practice |
By whom inspection was carried out? (n = 9)
| ||
Municipality | 3(2.4) | |
Health center | 4(3.3) | Good practice |
AIDS club | 0(0) | |
Others | 2(1.6) | |
How often the inspection was practiced? (n = 8)
| ||
Every week | 0(0) | |
Every month | 2(1.6) | Risky practice |
Every 3 months | 1(0.8) | |
Every 6 months | 1(0.8) | |
Every year | 4(3.3) |
Attitude of barbers towards sterilization and disinfection
Variables | Frequency N (%) | Likert scaling |
---|---|---|
Sterilization of sharp instruments is necessarily found in your work place? (n = 121)
| ||
Strongly agree | 72(59.5) | Unfavorable attitude |
Agree | 46(38.0) | |
Disagree | 2(1.7) | |
Strongly disagree | 1(0.8) | |
Disinfection is enough in your work place to avoid microbes from sharp objects (n = 122)
| ||
Strongly agree | 30(24.6) | |
Agree | 66(54.1) | |
Disagree | 26(21.3) | Unfavorable attitude |
Strongly disagree | 0(0) | |
Unsterile blade can transmits HIV and skin diseases (n = 122)
| ||
Strongly agree | 67(54.9) | Unfavorable attitude |
Agree | 52(42.6) | |
Disagree | 3(2.5) | |
Strongly disagree | 0(0) |
Knowledge of barbers towards sterilization and disinfection and awareness of HIV transmission in their work place
Variables | Frequency N (%) | Likert scaling |
---|---|---|
True about sterilization
| ||
Simply clean the surface of sharp object | 31(25.2) | |
Reducing microbial load on the surface of the object | 13(10.6) | |
Complete destruction of all form of microbes from an object | 59(48.0) | Poor knowledge |
All | 18(14.6) | |
No answer | 1(0.8) | |
Do you know sterilization is important in your work place
| ||
Yes | 111(94.1) | Good knowledge |
No | 7(5.9) | |
Do you know methods of sterilization?
| ||
Yes | 119(98.3) | Good knowledge |
No | 2(1.6) | |
Which methods of sterilization do you know
| ||
Direct flame | 100(92.6) | |
Hot air oven | 3(2.8) | |
Boiling | 4(3.7) | |
Autoclave | 1(0.9) | |
Do you think disinfection is sterilization
| ||
Yes | 36(30.0) | |
No | 84(70.0) | Poor knowledge |
Disinfection is as effective as sterilization
| ||
Yes | 65(67.0) | Poor knowledge |
No | 32(33.0) | |
If you think disinfection is not sterilization what are their difference.
| ||
No difference | 48(39.3) | |
Sterilization kill but not disinfectant | 38(31.1) | Poor knowledge |
Direct flame is better than sterilization | 29(23.8) | |
Sterilization reduce microbial load but not disinfectant | 3(2.5) | |
Sterilization gives partial protection | 3(2.5) | |
No knowledge | 1(0.8) | |
Do you know any diseases that are caused by using unsterilized sharp equipment?
| ||
Yes | 120(100) | Good knowledge |
No | 0(0) | |
Mention types of diseases, which could be transmitted by non sterilized sharp equipment's?
| ||
HIV/skin infections/fungus/dandruff, boil and others | 96(78.0) | Poor knowledge |
Skin infections / fungus and others but not mentioning HIV | 27(22.0) | |
Scored level of Knowledge (Maximum of ten points)
| ||
Poor (1-3 points)) | 5(4.1) | |
Fair (4-5 points) | 43(35.0) | |
Good (6-7 points) | 52(42.3) | Good knowledge |
Excellent (8-10 points) | 23(18.7) |
In-site observation of barbers practice on sterilization and disinfection
Variables | Frequency N(%) | Likert scaling |
---|---|---|
Any sterilization procedures practiced
| ||
Yes | 112(94.9) | |
No | 6 (5.1) | Risky practice |
Any disinfection procedure practiced
| ||
Yes | 113(91.9) | Risky practice |
No | 10(8.1) | |
Name of chemicals and percentages available
| ||
Ethanol (96%) | 7(5.9) | |
Ethanol (70%) | 53(44.5) | Good practice |
Carboxylic acid | 59(49.6) | |
Berekina (Bleach) | 0(0) | |
Others | 4(3.3) | |
Time of contact while disinfecting/sterilizing
| ||
1- 5 seconds | 10(8.1) | |
6-10 seconds | 0(0) | |
11-15 seconds | 3(2.4) | |
> 15 seconds | 12(9.8) | |
Don’t Know | 98(79.7) | Risky practice |
Correct sterilization/ disinfection procedures followed
| ||
Yes | 21(20) | |
No | 84(80) | Risky practice |
Assessment of physical facilities:
| ||
● Sheets:
| ||
Yes | 116(95.1) | |
No | 6(4.9) | |
● Common materials
| ||
Yes | 123(100) | |
No | 0(0) | |
● Sink
| ||
Yes | 0(0) | |
No | 123(100) | Risky practice |
● Tap water
| ||
Yes | 0(0) | |
No | 123(100) | Risky practice |
● First aid kits
| ||
Yes | 0(0) | |
No | 123(100) | Risky practice |
Microbiological data
Characteristics | Decontamination practiced | Total | X2
| P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appropriate | Inappropriate | ||||
Sex
| |||||
Male | 98(92.5) | 8(7.5) | 106(100) | 0.35 | 0.56 |
Female | 15(91.9) | 2(8.1) | 17(100) | ||
Total | 113(91.8) | 10(8.1) | 123(100) | ||
Age
| |||||
<20 years | 10(100) | 0(0) | 10(100) | 2.6 | 0.62 |
20-29 years | 89(89.9) | 10(10.1) | 99(100) | ||
30-39 years | 11(100) | 0(0) | 11(100) | ||
40-49 years | 2(100) | 0(0) | 2(100) | ||
>50 years | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
Total | 113(91.9) | 10(8.1) | 123(100) | ||
Religion
| |||||
Orthodox Christianity | 105(93.8) | 7(6.2) | 112(100) | 8.2 | 0.02 |
Muslim | 4(80) | 1(20) | 5(100) | ||
Protestant | 3(60) | 2(40) | 5(100) | ||
Total | 112(91.8) | 10(8.2) | 122(100) | ||
Educational status
| |||||
No formal education | 3(75) | 1(25) | 4(100) | 1.49 | 0.47 |
Primary school | 27(93.1) | 2(6.9) | 29(100) | ||
High school | 77(91.7) | 7(8.3) | 84(100) | ||
College and above | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | ||
Total | 107(91.5) | 10(8.5) | 117(100) | ||
Monthly income in Birr*
| |||||
50-250 | 15(100) | 0(0) | 15(100) | 6.92 | 0.22 |
251-500 | 43(93.5) | 3(6.5) | 46(100) | ||
501-750 | 15(83.3) | 3(16.7) | 18(100) | ||
751-1000 | 8(80) | 2(20) | 10(100) | ||
>1001 | 4(80) | 1(20) | 5(100) | ||
Years of Services
| |||||
<5 years | 8(92.0) | 7(8.0) | 15(100) | 0.73 | 0.95 |
5-10 years | 26(89.7) | 3(10.3) | 29(100) | ||
11-15 years | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | ||
16-20 years | 1(100) | 0(0) | 0(0) | ||
>21 years | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
Total | |||||
Poor | 5(100) | 0(0) | 5(100) | 3.2 | 0.37 |
Fair | 38(88.4) | 5(11.6) | 43(100) | ||
Good | 50(96.2) | 2(3.8) | 52(100) | ||
Excellent | 20(87.0) | 3(13.0) | 23(100) | ||
Total | 113(91.9) | 10(8.1) | 123(100) | ||
Pre-organism isolated
| |||||
No isolate | 19(95.0) | 1(5.0) | 2(100) | 0.48 | 0.79 |
S.auerus
| 14(93.3) | 1(6.7) | 15(100) | ||
CNS | 77(90.6) | 8(9.4) | 85(100) | ||
Total | 110(91.7) | 10(8.3) | 120(100) | ||
Post-organism isolated
| |||||
No isolate | 41(91.0) | 4(8.9) | 45(100) | 1.15 | 0.56 |
S.auerus
| 11(84.6) | 2(15.4) | 13(100) | ||
CNS | 58(93.5) | 4(6.5) | 62(100) | ||
Total | 110(91.7) | 10(8.3) | 120(100) | ||
Pre-colony count
| |||||
< 300 | 75(89.3) | 9(10.7) | 1(100) | 3.51 | 0.74 |
301-600 | 21(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
601-900 | 8(88.9) | 1(11.1) | 9(100) | ||
901-1200 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
1201-1500 | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | ||
>1500 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
Total | 110(90.7) | 10(9.3) | 108(100) | ||
Post-colony count
| |||||
< 300 | 98(90.7) | 10(9.3) | 108(100) | 1.51 | 0.91 |
301-600 | 8(100) | 0(0) | 8(100) | ||
601-900 | 2(100) | 0(0) | 2(100) | ||
901-1200 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
1201-1500 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
>1500 | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | ||
Total | 110(91.7) | 10(8.3) | 120(100) | ||
Average percent colony reduction | |||||
1-20 | 5(100) | 0(0) | 5(100) | 4.0 | 0.41 |
21-40 | 13(81.2) | 3(18.8) | 16(100) | ||
41-60 | 25(96.2) | 1(3.8) | 26(100) | ||
61-80 | 6(100) | 0(0) | 6(100) | ||
81-100 | 61(91.0) | 6(9.0) | 67(100) | ||
Total | 110(91.7) | 10(8.3) | 120(100) |
Characteristics | Sterilization practiced | Total | X2
| P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Appropriate | Inappropriate | ||||
Sex
| |||||
Male | 97(95.1) | 5(4.9) | 102(100) | 0.05 | 0.82 |
Female | 15(93.8) | 1(6.2) | 16(100) | ||
Age
| |||||
<20 years | 10(100) | 0(0) | 10(100) | 1.61 | 0.81 |
20-29 years | 88(93.6) | 6(6.4) | 94(100) | ||
30-39 years | 11(100) | 0(0) | 11(100) | ||
40-49 years | 2(100) | 0(0) | 2(100) | ||
>50 years | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
Total | 112(94.9) | 6(5.1) | 118(100) | ||
Religion
| |||||
Orthodox Christianity | 102(94.4) | 6(5.6) | 108(100) | 0.53 | 0.77 |
Muslim | 5(100) | 0(0) | 5(100) | ||
Protestant | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | ||
Total | 111(94.9) | 6(5.1) | 117(100) | ||
Educational status
| |||||
No formal education | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 0.50 | 0.78 |
Primary school | 27(96.4) | 1(3.6) | 28(100) | ||
High school | 77(93.9) | 5(6.1) | 82(100) | ||
College and above | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0(0) | ||
Total | 108(94.7) | 6(5.3) | 114(100) | ||
Monthly income
| |||||
50-250 | 15(100) | 0(0) | 15(100) | 19.4 | 0.002 |
251-500 | 43(100) | 0(0) | 43(100) | ||
501-750 | 16(100) | 0(0) | 16(100) | ||
751-1000 | 10(100) | 0(0) | 10(100) | ||
>1001 | 5(100) | 0(0) | 5(100) | ||
Years of Practice
| |||||
<5 years | 80(94.1) | 5(5.9) | 85(100) | 0.54 | 0.97 |
5-10 years | 26(96.3) | 1(3.7) | 27(100) | ||
11-15 years | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | ||
16-20 years | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
>21 years | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
Total | 112(94.9) | 6(5.1) | 118(100) | ||
Poor | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | 1.96 | 0.58 |
Fair | 38(92.7) | 3(7.3) | 4(100) | ||
Good | 47(94.0) | 3(6) | 50(100) | ||
Excellent | 23(100) | 0(0) | 23(100) | ||
Total | 112(94.9) | 6(5.11) | 118(100) | ||
Pre-organism isolated
| |||||
No isolate | 18(90.0) | 2(100) | 20(100) | 3.28 | 0.19 |
S.auerus
| 14(100) | 0(0) | 14(100) | ||
CNS | 79(97.5) | 2(2.5) | 81(100) | ||
Total | 111(96.5) | 4(3.5) | 115(100) | ||
Post-organism isolated
| |||||
No isolate | 42(95.5) | 2(4.5) | 44(100) | 0.55 | 0.76 |
S.auerus
| 11(100) | 0(0) | 11(100) | ||
CNS | 58(52.3) | 2(3.3) | 60(100) | ||
Total | 111(96.5) | 4(3.5) | 115(100) | ||
Pre-colony count
| |||||
< 300 | 77(96.2) | 3(3.8) | 80(100) | 25.9 | 0.00 |
301-600 | 20(100) | 0(0) | 20(100) | ||
601-900 | 8(88.9) | 1(11.1) | 9(100) | ||
901-1200 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
1201-1500 | 4(100) | 0(0) | 4(100) | ||
>1500 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
Total | 111(96.5) | 4(3.5) | 115(100) | ||
Post-colony count
| |||||
< 300 | 100(97.1) | 3(2.9) | 103(100) | 33.5 | 0.00 |
301-600 | 8(100) | 0(0) | 8(100) | ||
601-900 | 1(50) | 1(50) | 2(100) | ||
901-1200 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
1201-1500 | 1(33.3) | 2(66.7) | 3(100) | ||
>1500 | 1(100) | 0(0) | 1(100) | ||
Total | 112(94.9) | 6(5.1) | 118(100) | ||
Average percent colony reduction | |||||
1-20 | 4(80) | 1(20) | 5(100) | 5.9 | 0.20 |
21-40 | 16(100) | 0(0) | 16(100) | ||
41-60 | 23(100) | 0(0) | 23(100) | ||
61-80 | 6(100) | 0(0) | 6(100) | ||
81-100 | 62(95.4) | 3(4.6) | 65(100) | ||
Total | 110(91.7) | 10(8.3) | 115(100) | ||
Total | 110(91.7) | 10(8.3) | 115(100) |