Background
Methods
Design, settings and context
Eligibility criteria and data collection
Results
Characteristics | TOTAL | PIP Stopp | PIP Beers | PIP Both |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 174 (100%) |
n = 69 (%) |
n = 52 (%) |
n = 40 (%) | |
Age (years) | ||||
60–74
| 135 (77.6) | 56 (81.1) | 43 (82.7) | 34 (85.0) |
≥ 75
| 39 (22.4) | 13 (18.9) | 9 (17.3) | 6 (15.0) |
Sex | ||||
Female
| 141 (81.1) | 58 (84.1) | 45 (86.5) | 34 (85.0) |
Male
| 33 (18.9) | 11 (15.9) | 7 (13.5) | 6 (15.0) |
Concurrent drugs | ||||
None
| 19 (10.9) | – | – | – |
1
| 62 (35.6) | 22 (31.9) | 16 (30.8) | 12 (30.0) |
≥ 2
| 93 (53.4) | 47 (68.1) | 36 (69.2) | 28 (70.0) |
Comorbidities | ||||
None
| 63 (36.2) | 21 (30.4) | 19 (36.5) | 14 (35.0) |
1
| 66 (37.9) | 26 (37.7) | 19 (36.5) | 16 (40.0) |
2
| 37 (21.3) | 19 (27.5) | 12 (23.1) | 9 (22.5) |
3
| 8 (4.6) | 3 (4.3) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (2.5) |
Comorbidities | ||||
Cardiovascular disease
a
| 82 (47.1) | 41 (59.4) | 24 (46.1) | 19 (47.5) |
Diabetes mellitus
| 23 (13.2) | 10 (1.4) | 5 (9.6) | 4 (10.0) |
Hypothyroidism
| 12 (6.9) | 3 (4.3) | 3 (5.8) | 3 (7.5) |
Diagnostic for prescription of antidepressantsb
| ||||
Depression
| 72 (41.4) | 35 (50.7) | 46 (88.5) | 34 (85.0) |
Anxiety
| 61 (35.1) | 27 (39.1) | 5 (9.6) | 5 (12.5) |
Other
c
| 56 (32.2) | 18 (26.1) | 8 (15.4) | 8 (20.0) |
Use of psychotropic drug |
n = 174 (%) |
---|---|
Type of antidepressants | |
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitora
| 95 (54.6) |
Tricyclic antidepressantsb
| 73 (41.9) |
Other antidepressantsc
| 6 (3.4) |
Concomitant use of benzodiazepines | 79 (45.4) |
Benzodiazepines with short-intermediate half-lifed
| 46 (58.2) |
Long half-life benzodiazepinese
| 33 (41.7) |
Concomitant use of antipsychotics-N05Af
| 27(15.5) |
Concomitant use of antiepileptics-N03g
| 11 (6.3) |
Condition/ | Drug | PIM number of patients | PIP in prescriptions |
---|---|---|---|
STOPP criteria |
n = 69 (%) |
n = 463 (%) | |
Dementia | tricyclic antidepressants | 1(1.4) | 2 (0.4) |
Glaucoma | tricyclic antidepressants | 1 (1.4) | 5 (1.1) |
Cardiac conductive abnormalities | tricyclic antidepressants | 5 (7.2) | 32 (6.9) |
Use of calcium channel blocker | tricyclic antidepressants | 3 (4.3) | 5 (1.1) |
Long-term (> 1 month) | long-acting benzodiazepines and benzodiazepines with long-acting metabolites a
| 54 (78.3) | 397 (85.7) |
Long-term (> 1 month) | neuroleptics as long-term hypnotics | 15(21.7) | 96(20.7) |
Beers criteria |
n = 60 (%) |
n = 403 (%) | |
Arrhythmias | tricyclic antidepressants | 4(6.6) | 32(7.9) |
Depression | long-term benzodiazepines use | 41(68.3) | 287(71.2) |
Depression | methyldopa | 1(1.6) | 5 (1.2) |
Concomitant use ≥3 CNS-active drugsb
| tricyclic antidepressant + SSRI + benzodiazepine + antipsychotic | 1 (1.6) | 3 (0.7) |
tricyclic antidepressant + SSRI + antipsychotic | 2(3.3) | 4 (1.0) | |
antidepressant + benzodiazepine + antipsychotic | 10 (16.6) | 64 (15.9) | |
antidepressant + benzodiazepine + two antipsychotics | 1 (1.6) | 8 (1.9) |
Drug | PIM number of patients
n = 132 (100%) | PIP prescriptions
n = 864 (100%) |
---|---|---|
Tricyclic antidepressants | ||
amitriptyline
| 41 (31.1) | 276 (31.9) |
clomipramine
| 8 (6.1) | 52 (6.1) |
Benzodiazepines | ||
alprazolam
| 1 (0.7) | 8 (0.9) |
lorazepam
| 3 (2.3) | 34 (3.9) |
clonazepam
| 26 (19.7) | 178 (20.6) |
diazepam
| 36 (27.3) | 263 (30.4) |
Antipsychotics, first and second generation | ||
haloperidol
| 12(9.1) | 91 (10.5) |
chlorpromazine
| 7 (5.3) | 36 (4.1) |
thioridazine
| 2 (1.5) | 7 (0.8) |
risperidone
| 1 (0.7) | 7 (0.8) |
Barbiturates (antiepileptics) | ||
phenobarbital
| 2 (1.5) | 17 (19.7) |