Introduction
Complex ventral hernia repair remains a very challenging domain for general and reconstructive surgeons. Synthetic mesh bridging is used for small ventral hernias but coincides with a high reherniation rate and bulging of the abdomen when used for large and more complex defects and should be avoided in these cases [1‐3]. The component separation technique (CST) is considered an excellent technique to close large complex defects as this procedure reestablishes the abdominal wall integrity. In this procedure, the external oblique muscles are released to facilitate the sliding of these myofascial flaps to allow re-approximation of the rectus abdominis [4]. Additional mobilization is achieved by release of the posterior rectus sheath from the rectus muscle. Studies with reliable and lengthy follow-up show high reherniation rates up to 37.7% after large ventral hernia repair after CST without mesh [5] While retrospective studies demonstrate a lower reherniation risk when mesh reinforcement is used, there are no studies comparing reherniation risk head to head with or without use of mesh [6, 7]. In the literature, risk factor analysis for postoperative complication and reherniation has focused almost exclusively on patient history and co-morbidity (e.g., obesity, smoking, previous reherniation). While surgeons heavily rely on physical exam and CT scans, CT scan measurements have not been extensively studied to predict adverse outcomes [8, 9].
Computed tomography (CT) scans are more and more routinely performed during patient workup for adequate preoperative planning of large ventral hernias. While the scans can be used to determine hernia characteristics, more abdominal characteristics can be measured using a dedicated workstation, including the visceral and subcutaneous fat components of the abdomen. It is known that for predicting complications in colorectal surgery, visceral fat volume is more accurate in predicting the risk to the development of an incisional hernia than BMI [10]. Since BMI does not accurately reflect visceral fat mass, it is likely that these results can be translated to other forms of surgery including complex ventral hernia repair.
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The aim of the current study is to explore the use of CT scan-derived body morphometrics [visceral fat volume (VFV), subcutaneous fat volume (SFV), total fat volume (TFV) and loss of domain (LOD)] to predict reherniation and SSI in patients undergoing complex ventral hernia repair using the CST. This may allow for a more reliable quantitative risk analysis leading to better-informed decisions regarding efficacy and safety of surgery and inform patients in a patient-tailored fashion.
Patients and methods
Study population and surgical procedure
The study was performed following a retrospective cohort design. Electronic patient records were searched for patients who met the inclusion criteria, after which a chart review (using a pre-defined case report form) was performed. Adult patients (18–75 years of age at time of operation) who underwent complex ventral hernia repair using the CST (with or without the use of mesh reinforcement) between 2000 and 2013 and who had a preoperative CT scan were eligible for inclusion. Patients were excluded if the CT scan was performed earlier than 6 months prior to surgery to minimize the influence of changes in weight, or if the scan did not cover the full abdomen. Patient demographics, operation data, the occurrence of reherniation, SSI within 30 days and follow-up information were extracted (Table 1). SSI was defined according to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) definitions for surgical site infection.
Table 1
Peri-operative patient characteristics
Peri-operative variables | n (%) |
|---|---|
Patients | 65 (100) |
Male | 49 (75.4) |
BMI (kg/m2), median (range) | 26.3 (20–37.2) |
Obesity, BMI > 30 | 12 (18.5) |
Age, median (range) | 62 (23–78) |
Mesh reinforcement | 45 (69.2) |
Vypro mesh | 22 (33.1) |
Proceed mesh | 17 (25.4) |
Ultrapro mesh | 4 (6.2) |
Prolene mesh | 2 (3.1) |
Sepra mesh | 1 (1.5) |
Operation duration, median (range) | 206.5 (26–420) |
Blood loss, median (range) | 750 (150–2000) |
Surgical site infection > 30 days | 14 (21.5) |
Reherniation | 18 (27.7) |
Follow-up, median (range) | 14 (0–82) |
CST was performed as previously described [5]. Briefly, uni- or bilateral release of the external oblique aponeurosis is performed to achieve medial translation of the rectus complex, with or without mobilization of the posterior rectus sheath for additional medialization. The aim is always to close the posterior fascia and also spare the peri-umbilical perforators if possible. A synthetic mesh was used only if there was no concurrent infection during reconstruction of the abdominal wall. If a mesh was used it was placed with an overlap of 5 cm on each side of the defect. In some patients with a non-contaminated wound, reconstruction without mesh reinforcement was used because of a concurrent trial that was being performed at the time. This study aimed to compare the results of mesh reinforcement in addition to CST and CST without mesh reinforcement. All procedures were performed exclusively by a group of four experienced abdominal wall surgeons.
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Computed tomography measurements
The CT scans were analyzed by the corresponding author (HW) using a dedicated workstation (Aquarius 3D Workstation, TeraRecon, San Mateo, CA, USA), which was able to separate intra- from extra-abdominal fat. Fat volumes were analyzed using a modified measurement protocol described by Rickles et al. [11]. The VFV, SFV and waist circumference (WC) were measured semi-automatically every 1.2 cm up to 12 cm cranially from the most cranial slice in which S1 was still visible. The range of Hounsfield units (HU) to determine adipose tissue was between − 150 and − 50. Measurements were manually corrected if the intra-abdominal area was not correctly demarcated from the extra-abdominal area (Fig. 1). All measurements were systematically re-evaluated by HW, NJS and SH and differences were solved by consensus.
Fig. 1
Quantification of the visceral and subcutaneous fat. The green and blue sections represent the visceral and subcutaneous fat, respectively. (Color figure online)
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Rectus abdominis muscle thickness and width were measured at L2–4 level. Sagittal diameter (SD: the distance from the corpus vertebrae to the internal boundary of the abdominal wall) and WC were measured at the umbilical level (at the intervertebral disc between L3 and L4; Fig. 2). To determine LOD, a 3D reconstruction was made from the abdomen by tracing the abdomen and hernia sac from the pubic bone to the diaphragm using at least 20 manual measurements. The intermediate measurements were calculated by the software and then manually checked for accurate separation of the intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal area. If necessary, manual correction was performed for each slice of the scan. Abdominal volume, hernia sac volume and LOD were calculated based on these measurements (Fig. 3). Measurement results are presented in Table 2.
Fig. 2
CT measurements. The orange outline represents the intra-abdominal area whereas the yellow outline represents the hernia sac. SD, RT and RW can be seen on the left. (Color figure online)
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Fig. 3
3D reconstruction of the abdomen. The colored part represents the hernia and the abdomen which were used for calculation of segmentation volumes of the abdomen and hernia sac. (Color figure online)
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Table 2
Computer tomography measurements
Computer tomography measurements | Mean (range) |
|---|---|
Rectus thickness (mm) | 14.17 (7.09–51.90) |
Rectus width (mm) | 54.78 (20.20–133.13) |
Abdominal volume (cm3) | 8937 (3698–13,983) |
Hernia sac volume (cm3) | 658 (0–2600) |
Loss of domain | 6.82 (0.00–29.72) |
Total fat (cm2) | 379.86 (87.54–661.18) |
Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|
Subcutaneous fat (cm2) | 165 (38.2–405) | 226 (99.9–419) |
Visceral fat (cm2) | 217 (49.4–398) | 143 (49.5–310) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 102 (83.8–120) | 95.9 (81.8–114) |
Sagittal distancea (cm) | 138 (77.5–200) | 115 (73.8–166) |
Statistical analysis
For all measured variables, a Cox regression analysis was performed with reherniation as outcome and a univariate binary logistic regression was performed with SSI as outcome. Variables were included in multivariate Cox regression with reherniation as outcome and binary logistic regression analysis with SSI as outcome if the p value was < 0.2 in univariate analysis. To prevent the inclusion of highly correlating variables in multivariate Cox and logistic regression analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficients between variables were determined. Out of CT scan measurements with a Pearson correlation coefficient > 0.7 the one with the lowest p value was entered in the multivariate analysis [12]. Variables with a p value < 0.05 were considered significant in multivariate analysis.
A scatter plot was created for VFV versus body mass index (BMI) to determine if BMI is a predictor of visceral fat. All analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y.).
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Results
A total of 209 patients were operated for complex ventral hernia using CST between 2000 and 2013. 65 patients had a CT scan performed within 6 months before surgery and both the CT scans and the follow-up were performed at our hospital. Patient demographics and peri-operative variables are described in Tables 1and 2. Briefly, in our population, reherniation occurred in 18 patients (27.7%) and SSI occurred in 14 patients (21.5%). The average follow-up (defined as clinical examination in the out-patient clinic) was 14 months (range 0–82). Mesh reinforcement was used in 45 patients (69.2%). Mesh was placed in a sublay (73.1%), intraperitoneal (16.2%), onlay (7.6%) or inlay (1.5%) position. Missing variables are demonstrated in Table 3.
Table 3
Missing variable analyses
Variable | n (%) |
|---|---|
BMI | 4 (6.2) |
Obese | 4 (6.2) |
OK duration | 1 (1.5) |
Blood loss | 12 (18.5) |
Size defect | 3 (4.6) |
Rectus thickness | 4 (6.2) |
Rectus with | 6 (9.2) |
Hernia volume | 1 (1.5) |
Abdominal volume | 2 (3.1) |
Loss of domain | 3 (4.6) |
Waist circumference | 1 (1.5) |
Visceral fat volume | 2 (3.1) |
Subcutaneous fat volume | 3 (4.6) |
Total fat volume | 2 (3.1) |
Reherniation
The use of a mesh (p = 0.074, OR = 0.42), VFV (p = 0.029, OR = 1.67) and TFV (p = 0.139, OR = 1.27) were predictors for reherniation in univariate Cox regression (Table 4). Mesh reinforcement was a protective predictor of reherniation where an increase of VFV and TFV increased the risk of recurrence. VFV and TFV correlated with r = 0.81. Since VFV and TFV correlated > 0.7 and VFV had a lower p value, TFV was omitted from multivariate analysis. Therefore, VFV and the use of a mesh were entered into a multivariate Cox regression analysis with reherniation as outcome.
Table 4
Univariate risk analysis results
Variable | Univariate OR (95% CI), p value | |
|---|---|---|
Reherniation | Infection | |
Sex (female) | 0.69 (0.23–2.10), 0.512 | 0.19 (0.22–1.54), 0.119* |
BMI | 1.08 (0.94–1.23), 0.240 | 0.92 (0.78–1.09), 0.325 |
Mesh | 0.42 (0.16–1.09), 0.074*,† | 1.83 (0.45–7.46), 0.397 |
SSI | 0.61 (0.18–2.14), 0.443 | – |
Rectus thickness, per 10 mm | 3.26 (0.42–25.24), 0.258 | 1.46 (0.66–3.20), 0.365 |
Rectus width, per 10 mm | 1.23 (0.75–2.03), 0.419 | 1.13 (0.81–1.58), 0.455 |
Abdominal volume, per 500 cm3 | 1.42 (0.82–2.44), 0.213* | 0.91 (0.71–1.19), 0.755 |
Hernia sac volume, per 500 cm3 | 1.13 (0.80–1.59), 0.480 | 1.41 (0.92–2.16), 0.119* |
Loss of domain, per 5% | 0.41 (0.16–1.09), 0.956 | 1.39 (0.93–1.75), 0.128* |
Waist circumference, per 10 cm | 1.23 (0.63–2.02), 0.538 | 0.96 (0.28–1.09), 0.090* |
Sagittal distancea, per 10 cm | 1.08 (0.91–1.27), 0.400 | 1.05 (0.86–1.28), 0.603 |
Visceral fat, per 1000 cm3 | 1.67 (1.05–2.64), 0.029*,† | 0.72 (0.41–1.25), 0.246 |
Subcutaneous fat, per 1000 cm3 | 1.29 (0.81–2.09), 0.285 | 0.31 (0.12–0.81), 0.018*,† |
Total fat, per 1000 cm3 | 1.27 (0.93–1.74), 0.139* | 0.67 (0.44–1.03), 0.065* |
Defect size, per cm2 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00), 0.798 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01), 0.910 |
Number of previous repairs | 1.03 (0.76–1.42), 0.835 | 1.58 (0.94–2.67), 0.087* |
B
| S.E. | Wald |
df
| Sig. | Exp(B) | 95% CI for Exp(B) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||||
Step 1b | ||||||||
Sex | − 1.983 | 1.571 | 1.592 | 1 | 0.207 | 0.138 | 0.006 | 2.994 |
v_br_per_500 | 0.187 | 0.763 | 0.060 | 1 | 0.806 | 1.206 | 0.270 | 5.382 |
lod_per_5 | 0.521 | 0.676 | .0595 | 1 | 0.440 | 1.684 | 0.448 | 6.331 |
sv_vol_per_1000 | − 1.308 | 0.647 | 4.089 | 1 | 0.043 | 0.270 | 0.076 | 0.961 |
n_prev_repair | 0.882 | 0.522 | 2.859 | 1 | 0.091 | 0.417 | 0.869 | 6.721 |
Constant | 1.1527 | 1.584 | 0.929 | 1 | 0.335 | 4603 | ||
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In the multivariate analysis, only VFV per 1000 cm3 (p = 0.025, OR = 1.65) was a significant predictor for reherniation where an increase in VFV increases the risk of recurrence. The use of mesh reinforcement (p = 0.062, OR = 0.15) was not statistically significant as a protective factor in this multivariate model.
Surgical site infection
Significant predictors of SSI in univariate analysis were female sex (p = 0.119, OR = 0.19), hernia sac volume (p = 0.119, OR = 1.41), LOD (p = 0.128, OR = 1.39) SFV (p = 0.018, OR = 0.31), TFV (p = 0.065, OR = 0.67) and number of previous hernia repairs (p = 0.087, OR = 1.58). Hernia sac volume and LOD correlated with r = 0.94. Therefore, LOD was excluded from multivariate analysis. SFV and TFV correlated with r = 0.75. Therefore, TFV was excluded from multivariate analysis. In multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, hernia sac volume and SFV proved to be significant predictors (p = 0.020, OR = 2.10 and p = 0.034, OR = 0.26, respectively). Number of previous hernia repairs and sex were not significant (p = 0.089, OR = 2.24 and p = 0.252, OR = 0.239 respectively).
Fat volume correlations
BMI and VFV were only weakly correlated (r = 0.45), whereas BMI was more strongly correlated to total fat and subcutaneous fat (r = 0.73 and r = 0.75, respectively).
Discussion
In this study, we demonstrate that reherniation rate after hernia repair using the CST can be predicted by VFV measured on a pre-operative CT scan. For every 900 g (1.98 lbs) increase of visceral fat, the risk of reherniation almost doubled. In addition, hernia sac volume and SFV are predictors of SSI (OR = 2.05 and OR = 0.22, respectively). Interestingly, in our population, an increase of subcutaneous fat mass decreased the risk to develop SSI. These findings suggest that CT measurements are a valuable tool for pre-operative risk assessment in patients undergoing complex ventral hernia repair using the CST.
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Currently, BMI is used in clinical practice to predict adverse outcomes after hernia repair. However, in our population VFV was a significant predictor of reherniation whereas BMI was not. This may be explained by the poor correlation between BMI and visceral fat (Fig. 4). In addition, a recent study found that BMI only increased the risk of reherniation when BMI was over 30 kg/m2 [13]. Therefore, visceral fat mass may more accurately predict reherniation than BMI.
Fig. 4
Scatterplot of BMI versus different fat volumes demonstrating correlations of p = 0.73, p = 0.44 and p = 0.75 for total fat versus BMI, visceral fat volume versus BMI and subcutaneous fat volume versus BMI, respectively
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SFV was significantly associated with a lower incidence of SSI in our study population. Recently, Levi et al. described subcutaneous fat as a risk factor for infection in patients who underwent CST for ventral hernia repair [14]. However, the BMI in our population (26.5 kg/m2) is substantially lower than in Levi’s (33 kg/m2). Since BMI and SFV seem strongly correlated (p = 0.75 in the current study), the possible negative effects of subcutaneous fat on SSI might only become apparent above a certain SFV [15]. Further prospective research could clarify the role of subcutaneous fat for predicting SSI in both obese and non-obese populations.
A major advantage of our study over others is the accuracy in which the fat volumes were determined. Using a volume calculated of multiple CT coupes (in contrast to using a single coupe), and correcting each measurement manually there is a high degree of construct validity [14]. However, this approach was quite time consuming and we are currently working on a proxy that can be measured easily and fast to make it more readily applicable in practice.
A statistical limitation of our study is the relatively small sample size. Our inclusion number is lower than expected, mainly because a CT scan was not available prior to surgery in all patients. Moreover, throughout the years, CT scan protocols had been modified. Therefore, in certain periods, some (most upper and lower) parts of the abdomen were not scanned and these patients had to be excluded from this retrospective analysis.
Conclusion
Our study indicates that visceral fat volume, subcutaneous fat volume and hernia sac volume derived from CT scan measurements may be used to predict reherniation and SSI in patients undergoing complex ventral hernia repair using CST. With this information, prospective trials may further identify the role of these CT scan-derived body morphometrics for patient-tailored risk assessment. Our findings need confirmation in future prospective studies, preferably multi-centered to allow for greater study sizes and analysis of more homogenous groups.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
HW declares no conflict of interest. LK declares no conflict of interest. ORB declares no conflict of interest. SH declares no conflict of interest. DJOU declares no conflict of interest. HVG declares no conflict of interest. EVG declares no conflict of interest. NJS declares no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Radboudumc.
Human and animal rights
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and
its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
For this type of study, formal consent was not necessary.
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