Introduction
Methods
Study setting and design
Outcome variable long-term SA
Predictor variables
Statistical analyses
Results
Included participants (n = 3563) | Excluded participantsa (n = 641) | Analysisb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SDc |
n
| % | Mean | SD |
n
| % | ||
Age (years) | 44.2 | 10.9 | 43.0 | 10.7 | p = 0.014 | ||||
Gender | |||||||||
Men | 2399 | 67 | 398 | 62 | p = 0.063 | ||||
Women | 1164 | 33 | 223 | 35 | |||||
Missing | 0 | 20 | 3 | ||||||
Education | |||||||||
Low | 800 | 22 | 174 | 27 | p = 0.002 | ||||
Medium | 1618 | 45 | 248 | 39 | |||||
High | 1145 | 32 | 176 | 27 | |||||
Missing | 0 | 43 | 7 | ||||||
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | 898 | 25 | 156 | 24 | p = 0.609 | ||||
Married | 2524 | 71 | 403 | 63 | |||||
Other | 141 | 4 | 26 | 4 | |||||
Missing | 0 | 56 | 9 | ||||||
Job demands (range 1–5) | |||||||||
Work pace | 2.7 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 0.9 | p = 0.892 | ||||
Cognitive demands | 3.5 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 0.8 | p = 0.266 | ||||
Emotional demands | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.7 | p = 0.842 | ||||
Work–home interference | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | p = 0.932 | ||||
Job resources (range 1–5) | |||||||||
Role clarity | 3.9 | 0.8 | 3.9 | 0.8 | p = 0.953 | ||||
Task variety | 3.4 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 0.8 | p = 0.675 | ||||
Learning opportunities | 2.8 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 1.0 | p = 0.897 | ||||
Supervisor support | 3.5 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 1.1 | p = 0.929 | ||||
Co-worker support | 3.8 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 0.9 | p = 0.513 | ||||
Burnout (range 0–6) | 2.3 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.7 | p = 0.119 | ||||
Work engagement (range 0–6) | 3.5 | 1.1 | 3.7 | 1.1 | p = 0.001 | ||||
Sickness absence spells in the year prior to the survey | |||||||||
3 | 2031 | 57 | 337 | 53 | p = 0.073 | ||||
4 | 879 | 25 | 165 | 26 | |||||
5 | 353 | 10 | 66 | 10 | |||||
6 | 168 | 5 | 45 | 7 | |||||
> 6 | 132 | 4 | 28 | 4 | |||||
Long-term sickness absence in the year prior to the survey | |||||||||
No | 2648 | 74 | 543 | 85 | p = 0.000 | ||||
Yes | 915 | 26 | 98 | 15 | |||||
Long-term sickness absence in the year following the survey | |||||||||
No | 2878 | 81 | 520 | 81 | p = 0.870 | ||||
Yes | 685 | 19 | 121 | 19 |
Performance of prediction model 1, with job demands and job resources
Full model | Final model | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 3563) | All (n = 3563) | Men (n = 2399) | Women (n = 1164) | |||||
Wald | OR (95% CI) | Wald | OR (95% CI) | Wald | OR (95% CI) | Wald | OR (95% CI) | |
Age | 17.36 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 17.75 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 24.66 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 0.05 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
Gender | 17.14 | 17.49 | – | – | ||||
Men | 1 | 1 | – | – | ||||
Women | 1.49 (1.23–1.80) | 1.49 (1.24–1.79) | – | – | ||||
Education | 25.08 | 26.05 | 16.14 | 10.99 | ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Medium | 0.75 (0.61–0.92) | 0.75 (0.61–0.92) | 0.77 (0.60–0.99) | 0.70 (0.48–1.03) | ||||
High | 0.53 (0.41–0.68) | 0.53 (0.41–0.67) | 0.52 (0.38–0.72) | 0.50 (0.33–0.76) | ||||
Marital status | 5.90 | 6.09 | 6.81 | 1.18 | ||||
Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Married | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | ||||
Other | 0.54 (0.30–0.97) | 0.54 (0.30–0.97) | 0.47 (0.22–1.02) | 0.66 (0.26–1.69) | ||||
Prior long-term SA | 8.34 | 8.50 | 10.97 | 0.10 | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 1.32 (1.09–1.59) | 1.32 (1.10–1.59) | 1.48 (1.17–1.87) | 1.05 (0.76–1.45) | ||||
Work pace | 2.51 | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 2.41 | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 1.87 | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 3.03 | 1.16 (0.98–1.36) |
Cognitive demands | 0.27 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | ||||||
Emotional demands | 0.37 | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | ||||||
Work-home interference | 0.34 | 1.04 (0.90–1.21) | ||||||
Role clarity | 2.54 | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 2.67 | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.25 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 12.23 | 0.70 (0.58–0.86) |
Task variety | 0.08 | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | ||||||
Learning opportunities | 2.42 | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 3.96 | 0.91 (0.83-1.00) | 3.73 | 0.89 (0.79-1.00) | 1.57 | 0.91 (0.77–1.06) |
Supervisor support | 0.20 | 0.98 (0.88–1.08) | ||||||
Support co-workers | 1.95 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) |
Performance of prediction model 2, with burnout and work engagement
All (n = 3563) | Men (n = 2399) | Women (n = 1164) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wald | OR (95% CI) | Wald | OR (95% CI) | Wald | OR (95% CI) | |
Age | 16.98 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 24.73 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 0.06 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) |
Gender | 16.96 | – | – | |||
Men | 1 | – | – | |||
Women | 1.51 (1.26–1.81) | – | – | |||
Education | 27.17 | 19.14 | 9.53 | |||
Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Medium | 0.72 (0.59–0.89) | 0.75 (0.58–0.96) | 0.71 (0.49–1.04) | |||
High | 0.53 (0.32–0.67) | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | 0.54 (0.36–0.80) | |||
Marital status | 5.50 | 7.14 | 1.22 | |||
Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Married | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.75 (0.58–0.97) | 0.91 (0.67–1.22) | |||
Other | 0.50 (0.28–0.91) | 0.46 (0.21–0.99) | 0.61 (0.24–1.56) | |||
Prior long-term SA | 8.96 | 10.69 | 0.00 | |||
No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.32 (1.10–1.57) | 1.47 (1.17–1.86) | 1.00 (0.73–1.38) | |||
Burnout | 6.55 | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) | 5.87 | 1.26 (1.05–1.53) | 1.01 | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) |
Work engagement | 1.78 | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.30 | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) | 2.69 | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) |
Nagelkerke’s pseudo R2 | H–L test | AUC (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||
All cause long-term SA | 0.048 | 0.013 | 0.623 (0.601–0.646) |
Mental long-term SA | 0.040 | 0.712 | 0.635 (0.599–0.670) |
Musculoskeletal long-term SA | 0.079 | 0.866 | 0.688 (0.660–0.716) |
Model 2 | |||
All cause long-term SA | 0.044 | 0.009 | 0.624 (0.596–0.651) |
Mental long-term SA | 0.030 | 0.815 | 0.610 (0.574–0.646) |
Musculoskeletal long-term SA | 0.071 | 0.730 | 0.679 (0.650–0.707) |