Background
Methods
Study population
Study design
Assessments
Statistical analysis
Results
Univariate analysis of VTE risk warning indicators
Variables | No. | VTE group | Control group | χ2or t | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%)or−X ± S | n(%)or−X ± S | |||||
Gender | X1 | Male | 109 (42.4) | 123 (47.9) | 1.540 | 0.215 |
Female | 148 (57.6) | 134 (52.1) | ||||
Patient source | X2 | City | 142 (55.3) | 162 (63.0) | 3.221 | 0.073 |
Countryside | 115 (44.7) | 95 (37.0) | ||||
Native place | X3 | Native | 249 (96.9) | 253 (98.4) | 1.365 | 0.243 |
Non-native | 8 (3.1) | 4 (1.6) | ||||
Payment method | X4 | Health Insurance | 111 (43.2) | 138 (53.7) | 5.679 | 0.017* |
Self-paying | 146 (56.8) | 119 (46.3) | ||||
Length of stay (days) | X5 | 13.28 ± 6.64 | 13.00 ± 19.96 | −2.998 | 0.003* | |
Cough | X6 | No | 218 (84.8) | 197 (76.7) | 5.517 | 0.019* |
Yes | 39 (15.2) | 60 (23.3) | ||||
Expectorant | X7 | No | 227 (88.3) | 246 (95.7) | 9.568 | 0.002* |
Yes | 30 (11.7) | 11 (4.3) | ||||
Hemoptysis | X8 | No | 244 (94.9) | 251 (97.7) | 2.678 | 0.102 |
Yes | 13 (5.1) | 6 (2.3) | ||||
Difficulty breathing | X9 | No | 250 (97.3) | 253 (98.4) | 0.836 | 0.361 |
Yes | 7 (2.7) | 4 (1.6) | ||||
Pleural chest pain | X10 | No | 230 (89.5) | 251 (97.7) | 14.28 | <0.001* |
Yes | 27 (10.5) | 6 (2.3) | ||||
Cyanosis | X11 | No | 244 (94.9) | 254 (98.8) | 6.451 | 0.011* |
Yes | 13 (5.1) | 3 (1.2) | ||||
Anterior cardiac pain | X12 | No | 250 (97.3) | 255 (99.2) | 1.809 | 0.176 |
Yes | 7 (2.7) | 2 (0.8) | ||||
Palpitations | X13 | No | 251 (97.7) | 252 (98.1) | 0.093 | 0.761 |
Yes | 6 (2.3) | 5 (1.9) | ||||
Shortness of breath after exertion | X14 | No | 245 (95.3) | 252 (98.1) | 2.981 | 0.084 |
Yes | 12 (4.7) | 5 (1.9) | ||||
Chest tightness and shortness of breath | X15 | No | 184 (71.6) | 244 (94.9) | 50.272 | <0.001* |
Yes | 73 (28.4) | 13 (5.1) | ||||
Unexplained syncope | X16 | No | 238 (92.6) | 254 (98.8) | 12.157 | <0.001* |
Yes | 19 (7.4) | 3 (1.2) | ||||
Pleural effusion | X17 | No | 241 (93.8) | 247 (96.1) | 1.458 | 0.227 |
Yes | 16 (6.2) | 10 (3.9) | ||||
Unilateral lower limb pain | X18 | No | 201 (78.2) | 255 (99.2) | 56.671 | <0.001* |
Yes | 56 (21.8) | 2 (0.8) | ||||
Deep vein tenderness in lower limbs | X19 | No | 253 (98.4) | 256 (99.6) | 0.808 | 0.369 |
Yes | 4 (1.6) | 1 (0.4) | ||||
Lower extremity pigmentation | X20 | No | 255 (99.2) | 257 (100) | 0.502 | 0.479 |
Yes | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | ||||
Lower limb walking fatigue | X21 | No | 256 (99.6) | 254 (98.8) | 0.252 | 0.616 |
Yes | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.2) | ||||
Local lower skin temperature increase | X22 | No | 252 (98.1) | 256 (99.6) | 1.518 | 0.218 |
Yes | 5 (1.9) | 1 (0.4) | ||||
Hypertension | X23 | No | 169 (65.8) | 197 (76.7) | 7.439 | 0.006* |
Yes | 88 (34.2) | 60 (23.3) | ||||
Diabetes | X24 | No | 231 (89.9) | 240 (93.4) | 2.056 | 0.152 |
Yes | 26 (10.1) | 17 (6.6) | ||||
Smoking | X25 | No | 200 (77.8) | 217 (84.4) | 3.672 | 0.055 |
Yes | 57 (22.2) | 40 (15.6) | ||||
Systemic connective tissue disease | X26 | No | 255 (99.2) | 252 (98.1) | 0.579 | 0.447 |
Yes | 2 (0.8) | 5 (1.9) | ||||
Renal insufficiency | X27 | No | 248 (96.5) | 254 (98.8) | 3.072 | 0.08 |
Yes | 9 (3.5) | 3 (1.2) | ||||
Liver disease | X28 | No | 234 (91.1) | 220 (85.6) | 2.641 | 0.104 |
Yes | 23 (8.9) | 37 (14.4) | ||||
anemia | X29 | No | 246 (95.7) | 250 (97.3) | 0.921 | 0.337 |
Yes | 11 (4.3) | 7 (2.7) | ||||
PT (s) | X30 | 12.95 ± 7.29 | 12.66 ± 7.73 | 0.438 | 0.662 | |
TT(s) | X31 | 18.28 ± 3.75 | 17.72 ± 1.58 | 2.206 | 0.028* | |
APTT(s) | X32 | 29.47 ± 6.76 | 30.20 ± 5.94 | −1.300 | 0.194 | |
FIB(g/L) | X33 | 2.84 ± 0.84 | 2.83 ± 0.89 | 0.131 | 0.896 | |
FDP | X34 | 23.16 ± 28.85 | 5.28 ± 5.78 | 9.742 | <0.001* | |
INR | X35 | 1.15 ± 1.23 | 1.09 ± 0.81 | 0.653 | 0.514 | |
D-Dimer (mg/L) | X36 | 8.55 ± 14.37 | 1.37 ± 2.14 | 7.923 | <0.001* | |
albumin (g/L) | X37 | 36.88 ± 5.05 | 37.01 ± 5.10 | −0.290 | 0.772 | |
Platelet (*109/L) | X38 | 193.57 ± 74.38 | 188.94 ± 81.93 | 0.671 | 0.503 | |
WBC(*109/L) | X39 | 7.44 ± 2.81 | 6.42 ± 3.27 | 3.793 | <0.001* | |
RBC(*109/L) | X40 | 4.43 ± 3.66 | 4.23 ± 0.64 | 0.863 | 0.389 | |
Caprini score | X41 | 4.60 ± 2.72 | 3.56 ± 1.13 | 5.661 | <0.001* |
Multivariate analysis of VTE risk early warning indicators
Variables | VIF | Variables | VIF | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | X1 | 1.406 | Pleural effusion | X17 | 1.134 |
Patient source | X2 | 2.266 | Unilateral lower limb pain | X18 | 1.205 |
Native place | X3 | 1.096 | Local lower skin temperature increase | X22 | 1.062 |
Payment method | X4 | 1.123 | Hypertension | X23 | 1.146 |
Length of stay (days) | X5 | 2.343 | Diabetes | X24 | 1.113 |
Cough | X6 | 2.322 | Smoking | X25 | 1.402 |
Expectorant | X7 | 2.302 | Renal insufficiency | X27 | 1.054 |
Hemoptysis | X8 | 1.056 | Liver disease | X28 | 1.065 |
Pleural chest pain | X10 | 1.122 | TT(s) | X31 | 1.132 |
Cyanosis | X11 | 1.061 | APTT(s) | X32 | 1.081 |
Anterior cardiac pain | X12 | 1.045 | FDP | X34 | 1.767 |
Shortness of breath after exertion | X14 | 1.040 | D-Dimer (mg/L) | X36 | 1.765 |
Chest tightness and shortness of breath | X15 | 1.148 | WBC(*109/L) | X39 | 1.138 |
Unexplained syncope | X16 | 1.106 | Caprini score | X41 | 1.143 |
Variables | Point estimation | Standard error | Wald chi-square values | P | OR value point estimation | Lower interval | Upper interval |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X10 | 2.557 | 0.624 | 16.800 | <0.001 | 12.893 | 3.797 | 43.784 |
X14 | 1.432 | 0.713 | 4.029 | 0.045 | 4.185 | 1.034 | 16.935 |
X15 | 2.977 | 0.420 | 50.344 | <0.001 | 19.622 | 8.623 | 44.653 |
X18 | 3.445 | 0.882 | 15.274 | <0.001 | 31.352 | 5.571 | 176.454 |
X25 | 1.086 | 0.384 | 8.023 | 0.005 | 2.963 | 1.397 | 6.284 |
X34 | 0.249 | 0.024 | 106.673 | <0.001 | 1.282 | 1.223 | 1.344 |
X41 | 0.282 | 0.099 | 8.184 | 0.004 | 1.326 | 1.093 | 1.608 |
Construction of VTE risk warning model
Clinical variables | No. | Assignment |
---|---|---|
Pleural chest pain | X10 | No = 0, 1 = Yes |
shortness of breath after fatigue | X14 | No =0, 1 = Yes |
chest dull shortness of breath | X15 | No =0, 1 = Yes |
unilateral lower limb pain | X18 | No =0, 1 = Yes |
smoking | X25 | No =0, 1 = Yes |
FDP | X34 | Continuity variable |
Caprini score | X41 | Continuity variable |
Outcome variables | Y | The control group =0, 1 = VTE group |