Background
Methods
Design
Participants
CBT group training
CBT outcome measurement
Predictors
Psychological symptoms
Personality-disorder characteristics
Presence of DSM-IV axis I disorders in the past (‘psychiatric history’)
Health-related quality of life in the mental domain (‘mental component summary’)
Control variables
Statistical analyses
Required sample size
Analyses
Results
Patients
CBT outcome
| n | ||
---|---|---|---|
Immediate CBT outcome, mean (SD)
| 102 | 4.49 | (7.59) |
Short-term CBT outcome, mean (SD)
| 105 | 4.68 | (6.79) |
Long-term CBT outcome, mean (SD)
| 98 | 5.03 | (7.55) |
Control variables
|
n
| ||
Physical Component Summary - PCS, mean (SD)
| 158 | 29.20 | (8.97) |
Age in years, mean (SD)
| 162 | 45.15 | (11.05) |
Gender, n (%)
| 162 | ||
female | 131 | (81%) | |
male | 31 | (19%) | |
Marital status
,
n (%)
| 162 | ||
married/living with a partner | 110 | (68%) | |
unmarried/divorced/widowed | 52 | (32%) | |
Employment, n (%)
| 162 | ||
having employment | 57 | (35%) | |
having no employment | 105 | (65%) | |
Predictors
|
n
| ||
Global severity index, mean (SD)
| 161 | 165.36 | (50.28) |
Personality-disorder characteristics, mean (SD)
| 160 | 15.07 | (12.96) |
Psychiatric history, n (%)
| 162 | ||
presence of a psychiatric history | 68 | (42%) | |
absence of a psychiatric history | 94 | (58%) | |
Mental Component Summary - MCS, mean (SD)
| 158 | 45.15 | (11.89) |
Clinical characteristics | n=162 |
---|---|
Duration of UPS in years, median (interquartile range)
| 9 (3–16) |
Classification of UPS by SCID-I
| |
undifferentiated somatoform disorder | 63 |
chronic pain disorder | 99 |
Number of comorbid DSM-IV Axis I disorders
| |
no comorbid DSM-IV Axis I disorder | 95 |
one comorbid DSM-IV Axis I disorder | 43 |
two comorbid DSM-IV Axis I disorders | 17 |
three comorbid DSM-IVAxis I disorders | 4 |
four or more comorbid DSM-IVAxis I disorders | 3 |
Classification of comorbid DSM-IV Axis I disorder
| |
mood disorder (in past; in lifetime) | 24 (46;70) |
anxiety disorder (in past; in lifetime) | 47 (30;77) |
substance-related disorder (in past; in lifetime) | 1 (17;18) |
eating disorder (in past; in lifetime) | 1 (5;6) |
psychotic disorder (in past; in lifetime) | 0 (1;1) |
other somatoform disorder (in lifetime) | 26 (26) |
adjustment disorder (in lifetime) | 4 (4) |
other disorder (in past; in lifetime) | 1 (0;1) |
Number of comorbid DSM-IV Axis II disorders
| |
no comorbid DSM-IV Axis II disorder | 113 |
one comorbid DSM-IV Axis II disorder | 27 |
two comorbid DSM-IV Axis II disorders | 10 |
three or more comorbid DSM-IV Axis II disorders | 10 |
Classification of comorbid DSM-IV Axis II disorder
| |
paranoid personality disorder | 18 |
schizoid personality disorder | 5 |
schizotypal personality disorder | 2 |
anti-social personality disorder | 1 |
borderline personality disorder | 7 |
histrionic personality disorder | 2 |
narcissistic personality disorder | 2 |
avoidant personality disorder | 29 |
dependent personality disorder | 4 |
obsessive compulsive personality disorder | 24 |
Psychiatric history (number of
past
DSM-IV axis I disorders)
| |
no past DSM-IV Axis I disorder | 94 |
one past DSM-IV Axis I disorder | 46 |
two past DSM-IV Axis I disorders | 17 |
three past DSM-IVAxis I disorders | 3 |
four or more past DSM-IVAxis I disorders | 2 |
Referrer
| |
primary medical service | 82 |
secondary medical service | 51 |
secondary mental service | 29 |
Correlations between CBT outcomes, control variables, and predictors
CBT outcome | |||
---|---|---|---|
Immediate | Short-term | Long-term | |
CBT outcome
| |||
Immediate CBT outcome | 1.00 | ||
Short-term CBT outcome | .60***
| 1.00 | |
Long-term CBT outcome | .58***
| .58***
| 1.00 |
Control variables
| |||
Physical Component Summary (SF-36: PCS) | -.30**
| -.24*
| -.22*
|
Age | -.03 | .05 | -.15 |
Gender | -.02 | -.01 | .04 |
Marital status | .07 | -.02 | .06 |
Employment | -.07 | -.08 | .07 |
Predictors
| |||
Global severity index (SCL-90-R) | .11 | .01 | .10 |
Personality-disorder characteristics (VKP) | -.04 | -.17 | -.11 |
Psychiatric history (SCID-I) | -.01 | .13 | -.01 |
Mental Component Summary (SF-36: MCS) | .19 | .25**
| .11 |
Prediction of immediate, short-term and long-term CBT outcome
Immediate CBT outcomea
| Short-term CBT outcomeb
| Long-term CBT outcomec
| ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | Standard error | βI
| R2
| b | Standard error | βI
| R2
| b | Standard error | βI
| R2
| |
Step 1
| ||||||||||||
Constant
| 13.10 | 4.10 | 9.09 | 3.72 | 14.88 | 4.38 | ||||||
Control variables
| ||||||||||||
Physical Component Summary (SF-36: PCS) | −0.27 | 0.08 | -.34**
| −0.19 | 0.08 | -.26*
| −0.22 | 0.08 | -.27*
| |||
Age | −0.05 | 0.07 | -.07 | 0.03 | 0.07 | .04 | −0.11 | 0.08 | -.16 | |||
Gender | 2.33 | 2.02 | .12 | 1.09 | 1.79 | .06 | 2.66 | 2.11 | .13 | |||
Marital status | 1.60 | 1.65 | .10 | −0.49 | 1.51 | -.03 | 1.39 | 1.66 | .09 | |||
Employment | −0.36 | 1.69 | -.02 | −0.16 | 1.51 | -.01 | 1.26 | 1.73 | .08 | |||
Explained variance by control variables (R2) | .11 | .07 | .10 | |||||||||
Step 2
| ||||||||||||
Constant
| −10.06 | 10.22 | −12.36 | 8.24 | 0.87 | 10.57 | ||||||
Control variables
| ||||||||||||
Physical Component Summary (SF-36: PCS) | −0.16 | 0.09 | -.20 | −0.10 | 0.08 | -.13 | −0.15 | 0.09 | -.19 | |||
Age | −0.01 | 0.07 | -.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | .06 | −0.10 | 0.08 | -.14 | |||
Gender | 1.05 | 2.20 | .05 | 0.92 | 1.89 | .05 | 1.51 | 2.32 | .07 | |||
Marital status | 1.85 | 1.65 | .11 | −0.42 | 1.42 | -.03 | 1.25 | 1.66 | .08 | |||
Employment | −0.53 | 1.68 | -.03 | −0.71 | 1.43 | -.05 | 1.06 | 1.73 | .06 | |||
Predictors
| ||||||||||||
Global severity index (SCL-90) | 0.06 | 0.03 | .36*
| 0.06 | 0.02 | .41**
| 0.06 | 0.03 | .33*
| |||
Personality-disorder characteristics (VKP) | −0.08 | 0.09 | -.11 | −0.19 | 0.07 | -.32*
| −0.18 | 0.09 | -.28*
| |||
Psychiatric history (SCID) | 0.72 | 1.50 | .05 | 2.79 | 1.27 | .20*
| 1.12 | 1.52 | .07 | |||
Mental Component Summary (SF-36: MCS) | 0.20 | 0.09 | .30*
| 0.21 | 0.07 | .36**
| 0.10 | 0.09 | .15 | |||
Explained variance by predictors ( ΔR2) | .06 | .15**
| .06 |