Introduction
Methods
Study design and research criteria
Procedure
Assessments
Quality of life
Pain severity
Pain catastrophizing
Pain acceptance
Depression
Anxiety
Sleep disturbance
Statically analysis
Results
Essential characteristics of the study population
Variables | Status | Free count (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 684 (61.1) |
Female | 436 (38.9) | |
Marital status | Married | 966 (86.3) |
Single | 18 (1.6) | |
Other statuses | 136 (12.1) | |
Education level | Under diploma | 778 (69.5) |
Diploma | 316 (28.2) | |
University | 26 (2.3) | |
Insulin treatment | Yes | 798 (71.3) |
No | 322 (28.7) |
Variable | Mean ± SD | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | ||
Depression | 18.61 ± 8.5 | 18.1 ± 8.5 | 19.3 ± 8.4 | 0.1 |
Anxiety | 20.9 ± 9.5 | 20.7 ± 9.6 | 21.2 ± 9.2 | 0.5 |
Quality of life | 69.6 ± 21.4 | 69.5 ± 21.9 | 69.5 ± 20.7 | 0.9 |
Pain severity | 6.1 ± 2 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 6.1 ± 1.9 | 0.7 |
Pain acceptance | 39.1 ± 19.07 | 38.8 ± 18.5 | 39.6 ± 19.8 | 0.6 |
pain catastrophizing | 27.3 ± 12 | 27.4 ± 11.8 | 27.1 ± 12.2 | 0.7 |
Sleep disturbance | 11.1 ± 4.6 | 11.3 ± 4.05 | 11.2 ± 4.5 | 0.5 |
Correlational matrix among variables
Variables | QoL | Pain severity | Anxiety | Depression | Pain acceptance | Pain catastrophizing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
QoL | 1 | |||||
Pain severity | − 0.321** | 1 | ||||
Anxiety | − 0.352** | 0.135** | 1 | |||
Depression | − 0.484** | 0.154** | 0.273** | 1 | ||
Pain acceptance | 0.409** | − 0.104* | − 0.3** | − 0.289** | 1 | |
Pain catastrophizing | − 0.426** | 0.271** | 0.252** | 0.273** | − 0.295** | 1 |
Sleep disturbance | − 0.367** | 0.154** | 0.338** | 0.275** | − 0.356** | 0.271** |
Regression analysis
Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F | Sig | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression | 218,691.775 | 11 | 19,881.070 | 74.108 | .000 |
Residual | 297,245.936 | 1108 | 268.273 | ||
Total | 515,937.711 | 1119 |
Model | Unstandardized coefficients | Standardized coefficients | t | Sig | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. error | Beta | ||||
(Constant) | 110.878 | 4.769 | N/A | 23.250 | .000 | |
Pain severity | − 1.671 | .257 | − .157 | − 6.509 | .000 | |
Pain catastrophizing | − .353 | .045 | − .197 | − 7.773 | .000 | |
Pain acceptance | .207 | .029 | .184 | 7.143 | .000 | |
Depression | − .710 | .064 | − .283 | − 11.016 | .000 | |
Anxiety | − .219 | .058 | − .097 | − 3.788 | .000 | |
Sleep disturbance | − .549 | .120 | − .118 | − 4.555 | .000 |
Psychological symptoms prevalence
Depression category | Range | No. of patients | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Non depression | 0–13 | 412 | 36.8 |
Mild depression | 14–19 | 186 | 16.6 |
Moderate depression | 10–28 | 328 | 29.3 |
Severe depression | 29–63 | 194 | 17.3 |
Anxiety category | Range | No. of Patients | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Nothing anxiety | 0–16 | 204 | 18.2 |
Mild anxiety | 17–35 | 327 | 32.8 |
Moderate and severe anxiety | 36–63 | 392 | 35.4 |