Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
CI
Confidence interval
CRP
C-reactive protein
CVVHD
Continuous veno-venous haemodialysis
CVVHDF
Continuous veno-venous haemodiafiltration
ICU
Intensive care unit
IGFBP-7
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7
MODS
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
MR-proADM
Mid-regional proadrenomedullin
N
Number
NGAL
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
OR
Odds ratio
PCT
Procalcitonin
RRT
Renal replacement therapy
SISPCT
Placebo-controlled trial of sodium selenite and procalcitonin guided antimicrobial therapy in severe sepsis
TIMP-2
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2
Sepsis is one of the most frequent causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients, with initial organ impairment often followed by dysfunction in other systems [1]. Renal dysfunction may therefore represent one facet in the evolution towards multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) or, alternatively, may be indicative of system-wide endothelial damage caused by hyperinflammation and a positive fluid balance. Whilst numerous biomarkers have been investigated to predict renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirement, including NGAL, TIMP-2 and IGFBP-7 [2], mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) may also be of interest due to its involvement in capillary leakage, endothelial dysfunction and the initial stages of multiple organ failure development [3, 4].
In a secondary analysis of 1089 severe sepsis and septic shock patients enrolled in the SISPCT trial [5], RRT was initiated in 322 (29.9%) patients within the first 21 days of treatment, including 178 (55.5%; 52.2% mortality) patients at baseline and 118 (36.6%; 55.1% mortality) additional patients between days 1-7. Continuous veno-venous haemodialysis (CVVHD: N = 88; 49.4%) and haemodiafiltration (CVVHDF: N = 54; 30.3%) were the most common modes of RRT at baseline.
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Biomarker (PCT, MR-proADM, CRP and lactate) and standard clinical and laboratory parameters (creatinine, urea and 24-h urine output) were subsequently compared to identify RRT requirement at baseline (day 0), and predict requirement between days 1 and 7 in patients where no RRT was previously initiated. AUROC and logistic regression analysis found that urine output, MR-proADM and creatinine performed similarly in identifying RRT requirement at baseline, whereas MR-proADM more accurately predicted requirement between days 1 and 7 (Fig. 1). Previously established [3] MR-proADM cut-offs for predicting 28-day mortality found that increasing (e.g. moderate to high: N = 19; 47.5%; OR [95% CI]: 67.6 [18.5 - 247.2]) or continuously elevated (N = 35; 64.8%; OR [95% CI]: 137.5 [38.7 - 489.1]) concentrations over the first 24 h in patients where no RRT was initiated at baseline resulted in a high likelihood of subsequent RRT requirement. Conversely, few cases of RRT over the first 21 days of ICU therapy were initiated in patients with continuously low (N = 3; 1.3%) or decreasing (moderate to low: N = 1; 1.3%) MR-proADM concentrations.
×
Results suggest that increasing or continuously elevated MR-proADM concentrations, indicative of increased capillary leak, may be a useful predictor of RRT requirement during ICU therapy. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between MR-proADM, positive fluid balance and renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with sepsis.
Funding
The SISPCT trial infrastructure was partially funded by grant 01 KI 0106 from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Biosyn (Germany) and Thermo Fisher (Germany) provided study medication and financial support via unrestricted grants. For the purpose of this letter, no specific funding was received. Neither for the original SISPCT trial nor this letter did the funding organizations have any role in the design and conduct of the trial; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol of the SISPCT trial was approved by the ethics board of Jena University Hospital (internal file number 2242–03/08). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legal representatives.
Consent for publication
No individual participant data are reported that would require consent to publish from the participant (or legal parent or guardian for children).
Competing interests
All authors have provided information on potential conflicts of interests directly or indirectly related to the work submitted in the journal’s disclosure forms. AN reported receiving lecture honoraria from Thermo Fisher Scientific. FB reported receiving lecture honoraria from biosyn, Gilead and CSL Behring and public funding for the SISPCT trial to his department by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, as well as unrestricted research grants for the SISPCT trial by biosyn and Thermo Fisher Scientific. DCW is an employee of BRAHMS GmbH. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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