Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and affects almost 10% of patients >80 years of age [1]. Elective cardioversion (ECV) is an essential part of rhythm control strategy of AF. Rhythm control strategy does not, however, offer prognostic benefit over the rate control in terms of mortality or quality of life [2]. Furthermore, approximately 10–35% of ECVs fail and recurrences of AF after successful ECV are common causing extra burden and costs for the health care system. Numerous small studies have tried to explore predictors for failure of ECV and recurrence of AF, but without consistent results [3‐6]. We sought to explore the rate and predictors of ineffective ECV defined as failed ECV or early (<30 days) recurrence of AF in a large-scale multi-center patient cohort in contemporary practice.
Methods
The FinCV2 study ([http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier NCT02850679) is part of a wider protocol in progress to assess thrombotic and bleeding complications of AF in Finland [7, 8].
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In this multi-center retrospective study data was gathered from patient charts of two university hospitals and two regional hospitals in Finland. Initial screening was performed using the ICD-10 code for AF (I48) and the NCSP (Nordic Classification of Surgical Procedures) procedure code for cardioversion (TFP20). All patients with AF lasting > 48 h undergoing ECV within the study period were eligible during the time period of 2003 – 2014 in Turku University Hospital and two regional hospitals and 2013 – 2015 in Kuopio University Hospital.
Overall 2,373 patients with a history of both AF and undergoing cardioversion were initially screened. Patients with AF (duration >48 h) and subsequent ECVs were then manually identified and included resulting in the final study group of 1342 patients and 1998 ECVs.
A structured electronic case report form was used in the manual data collection. Data consisting of patient history, medication, AF disease and ECV characteristics including success rate were recorded. After the ECV patient records of the following 30 days were examined and data on all cerebrovascular events, systemic emboli, bleeds, AF recurrences and mortality were collected.
All AFs were confirmed by ECG and the clinician performing the cardioversion. The overall duration of AF disease was divided into six groups: 31–90 days, 90–180 days, 180 days–1 year, 1–2 years, 2–5 years and >5 years. Correspondingly, the duration of current AF episode was divided in <30 days, 30–60 days, 61–90 days, 91–120 days, 121–180 days and > 180 days. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula.
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ECVs were performed by an internist or a cardiologist according to the current guidelines under general anesthesia. Blood pressure and oxygen saturation were monitored. A 12-lead ECG was controlled before and after ECV. Paddles or pads were positioned in antero-posterior or antero-lateral configuration. The energy ranged from 70 to 200J with biphasic defibrillator devices and from 70 to 360J with monophasic devices. ECVs were performed by biphasic defibrillators after 2004.
The primary end point was ineffective ECV defined as the composite of unsuccessful ECV or recurrence of AF within 30 days follow-up after the index ECV. The restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm after ECV until discharge was defined as successful ECV. Development of AF within 30 days after the index ECV confirmed by ECG or pacemaker log was defined as an AF recurrence.
Normally distributed continuous variables were reported as mean ± SD whereas skewed continuous variables were denoted as median [inter-quartile range (IQR)]. Normality in continuous covariates was tested with Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Categorical variables were reported with absolute and relative (percentage) frequencies. The unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables and Pearson x2 or Fisher’s exact test to compare categorical variables in the study subgroups, as appropriate. Logistic regression hazard model was used to identify the independent predictors of ECV failure, recurrence of AF and ECV failure (a combination of the above covariates). Baseline variables correlating at p < 0.10 level with the dependent covariate in univariate models were entered in the logistic regression analysis. Correlations at level p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All tests were two-sided. IBM SPSS Statistics software version 22.0 was used to perform all analyses.
Results
The median number of cardioversions was one per patient with a range of 1–10. ECV failed in 303 (15.2%) cases. Patients with failed ECV had significantly longer history of AF, longer duration of current AF episode and higher ventricular rate. Patients with lower (<60 ml/min) eGFR had lower success rates. In multivariate regression analysis prolonged (>5 years) AF history (OR 1.56, CI95% 1.03–2.38, p = 0.04), >30 days duration of the index AF episode (OR 1.63, CI95% 1.05–2.55, p = 0.03) and higher (>60/min) ventricular rate (OR 12.74, CI95% 1.75–92.91, p = 0.01) were the independent predictors for failed ECV.
During the 30 days follow-up AF recurrence was diagnosed in 549 (32.4%) of those patients with initially successful ECV. The median time to recurrence of AF was 8.0 (IQR 13.0) days. Young age (<65 years), female gender, high (>60/min) ventricular rate, short duration of the index AF episode, congestive heart failure, history of kidney disease, low (<60 ml/min) eGFR, diabetes and antiarrhythmic medication at discharge were significant univariate predictors of AF recurrence. In multivariate analysis the significant predictors for recurrence of AF were female gender (OR 1.39, CI95% 1.09–1.78, p = 0.01), history of kidney disease (OR 1.59, CI95% 1.00–2.50, p = 0.05), low (<60 ml/min) eGFR (OR 1.97, CI95% 1.29–2.99, p < 0.01) and antiarrhythmic medications at discharge (OR 1.72, CI95% 1.29–2.29, p < 0.01). The type of antiarrhythmic agent at discharge did not affect the sustainability of sinus rhythm.
Taken together, the primary outcome of ineffective ECV occurred in 852 (42.6%) cases. Baseline characteristics of patients with and without ineffective ECV are listed in Table 1. Female gender (OR 1.44, CI95% 1.15–1.80, p < 0.01), age <65 years (OR 1.31, CI95% 1.07–1.62, p = 0.01), ventricular rate >60/min (OR 1.92, CI95% 1.08–3.41, p = 0.03) and antiarrhythmic medication at discharge (OR 1.48, CI95% 1.14–1.93, p < 0.01) were the significant independent predictors in multivariate analysis. When renal failure was included in the model in the 1043 cases with eGFR data, ventricular rate >60/min (OR 2.93, CI95% 1.33–6.47, p = 0.01), low (<60 ml/min) eGFR (OR 1.59, CI95% 1.08–2.33, p = 0.02) and antiarrhythmic medication at discharge (OR 1.50, CI95% 1.09–2.08, p = 0.01) remained as significant predictors.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with effective ECV and ineffective ECV
Effective ECV (N = 1146) | Ineffective ECV (N = 852) |
p
| |
|---|---|---|---|
Age mean (median) years | 64 (65) | 63 (64) | 0.01 |
Age > 75 years | 176 (15.4) | 117 (13.7) | 0.06 |
Female | 284 (24.8) | 267 (31.3) | <0.01 |
First AF episode | 528 (46.1) | 397 (46.6) | 0.82 |
Prior cardioversion | 532 (46.4) | 380 (44.6) | 0.61 |
CHA2DS2-VASc-score ≥2 | 655 (57.2) | 468 (54.9) | 0.34 |
Duration of AF disease ≤1 year | 527 (53.2) | 374 (51.7) | 0.56 |
Age of index AF episode | |||
> 180 daysa
| 76 (6.6) | 65 (7.6) | 0.60 |
< 30 daysa
| 215 (18.8) | 175 (20.5) | 0.60 |
Ventricular rate (/min) | |||
< 60/min | 45 (4.6) | 17 (2.3) | 0.01 |
median | 87 (30) | 87 (30) | 0.37 |
Left atrial diameter (mm)b
| |||
median | 46 (9) | 46 (8) | 0.40 |
Ejection fraction (%)c
| |||
median | 54 (17) | 53 (17) | 0.03 |
Prior AF ablation | 41 (3.6) | 72 (8.5) | <0.01 |
History of heart failure | 173 (15.1) | 150 (17.6) | 0.14 |
Hypertension | 598 (52.2) | 451 (52.9) | 0.75 |
History of CKD | 59 (5.1) | 54 (6.3) | 0.28 |
GFR <50 ml/mind
| 24 (4.1) | 32 (7.1) | 0.04 |
Diabetes | 171 (14.9) | 115 (13.5) | 0.40 |
Prior stroke/TIA | 76 (6.6) | 55 (6.5) | 0.93 |
Coronary artery disease | 179 (15.6) | 115 (13.5) | 0.20 |
Pacemaker | 105 (9.2) | 82 (9.6) | 0.76 |
Medication at discharge | |||
Beta blocker | 946 (83.1) | 720 (85.2) | 0.22 |
Digoxin | 89 (7.8) | 123 (14.6) | <0.01 |
Verapamil | 10 (0.9) | 10 (1.2) | 0.51 |
Any antiarrhythmic agente
| 163 (14.3) | 158 (18.8) | 0.01 |
Flecainide | 67 (5.9) | 44 (5.2) | 0.55 |
Amiodarone | 65 (5.7) | 79 (9.4) | 0.01 |
Discussion
In this retrospective real-life cohort study every sixth ECV failed, AF recurrence was diagnosed in one third of patients with successful ECV and thus, ECV was ineffective in almost half of the patients. Long AF history, more than 30 days duration of the index AF episode and higher ventricular rate predicted failure of ECV. The predictors for the ineffective ECV (composite endpoint of ECV failure and early recurrence) were moderate to severe renal impairment, young age, female gender and antiarrhythmic medication at discharge.
The failure rate of ECV in our study (15.2%) was in line with previous studies [3‐6, 9‐12]. In prior reports the failure rate of cardioversions performed in AF lasting >48 h has ranged from 9–34% [3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12]. In accordance with previous studies, longer duration of the index episode of AF predicted failure of ECV [3‐6, 9] and our results support the view that it is reasonable to minimize the delay between the diagnosis of AF and ECV. Other previously reported predictors for failure of ECV are increasing body weight [6], low ejection fraction [6] and high body surface area [10] whereas pretreatment with antiarrhythmic agents [3], paroxysmal AF [12], use of biphasic waveform in ECV [12], flutter rhythm and young age [9] have predicted success of ECV.
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In agreement with previous reports, AF recurred in one third of the patients after successful ECV [3‐5, 9, 11‐16]. Predictors for recurrence of AF after ECV have been inconsistent [3, 5, 11, 12, 15‐17] and previous attempts to establish a scoring system for predicting recurrence of AF after ECV have failed [17]. Our large patient cohort identified several clinical predictors for recurrence of AF in a real-life setting. Interestingly, history of chronic kidney disease and renal failure were significantly associated with the recurrence of AF and the composite end point of ineffective ECV. The association remained significant regardless of the method to diagnose renal failure (clinical history and/or eGFR). Previously, low eGFR has been associated with recurrence of AF after ECV only in a small study on selected group of patients [18]. Traditionally recurrence rate of AF within the first year after ECV has been approximately 50% [19] with most of the recurrences occurring early after ECV [15, 16], and no change during the recent years [3, 15, 16]. The high recurrence rate of AF has been attributed to electrophysiological remodeling of the atria caused by AF [20]. It was not a surprise that the use of antiarrhythmic agents and a history of (failed) AF ablation predicted higher recurrence rate (Table 1), since they reflect high baseline AF burden in this subset of patients. Similarly, the use of digoxin was more common in those with failed ECV even if its use in rate control of AF is questionable. One unexpected finding in the present study was that low ventricular rate predicted success of ECV, and was also associated with less frequent early recurrences. The mechanisms for this finding remain unknown and need further research.
Almost half of the patients developed AF recurrence at the end of 1-month follow-up in this large real world cohort study. The composite end point combining ECV failure and early AF recurrence thereafter has been rarely analyzed in clinical studies previously, although this combined endpoint is very important from a clinical stand point. The prediction of ineffective ECV is valuable in the decision-making when considering the rationality of rhythm control strategy in an individual patient. The present analysis suggests that e.g. female patients with moderate renal failure are at high risk (~60%) for ineffective ECV. In clinical practice highly symptomatic patients with renal impairment may benefit from early consideration of AF ablation; and less symptomatic patients deferral of ECV.
This study has all the limitations of retrospective study. Notably, catheter ablation therapy was rarely used in this population. Secondly, symptomatic recurrences of AF underestimate the real recurrence rate since asymptomatic AF episodes are common in this patient population.
Conclusions
In conclusion, for the first time we identified predictors for a clinically meaningful composite endpoint i.e. ineffective ECV. Our results may help to identify patients with unfavorable rhythm control strategy and rationalize the management of AF lasting >48 h.
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Acknowledgements
Not Applicable
Funding
This work was supported by the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research. The funding body did not participate in the design of the study; collection, analysis, or interpretation of data; or writing of the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors’ contributions
TH contributed to collection of data, statistical analysis, interpretation of the results and writing of the manuscript. TK was involved in statistical analysis and interpretation of data, writing and revising the manuscript. VT participated in designing of the study and data collection. IP contributed to designing of the study and statistical analysis. FB assisted with the statistical analysis. AB partook in the collection of data. JH assisted with interpretation of the results, revising and writing the manuscript. MM participated in the collection of data. KEJA is the corresponding author and directed the design of the study, interpretation of data, writing and revising of the article and provided the final approval of the manuscript. All authors take responsibility for all aspects of the reliability and freedom from bias of the data presented and their discussed interpretation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study received approval of the Medical Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Southwest Finland and the ethics committee of the National Institute for Health and Welfare. The study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was not stipulated due to the retrospective registry composition of the investigation.
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