Background
Overall quality of life
Maternal physical health
Maternal mental health
Maternal social health
Methods
Design
Setting
Sample
Instruments
Procedure
Ethical considerations
Data analysis
Results
Demographics
Differences in quality of life by demographic variables
Physical health | Mental health | Social health | General health | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
|
M±SD
|
Z/X
2
|
p
|
M±SD
|
Z/X
2
|
p
|
M±SD
|
Z/X
2
|
p
|
M±SD
|
Z/X
2
|
p
| |
T1
| |||||||||||||
Parity
| -.77 | .44 | −1.80 | .07 | −1.62 | .10 | −2.06 | .04 | |||||
Primipara | 111 | 60.90±15.29 | 71.26±16.24 | 67.30±16.29 | 66.49±11.70 | ||||||||
Multipara | 87 | 57.82±20.37 | 66.09±19.96 | 62.53±17.73 | 62.15±14.77 | ||||||||
Employment
| -.51 | .61 | −4.05 | <.001 | −3.06 | .002 | −3.39 | .001 | |||||
Employed | 126 | 60.16±17.43 | 72.78±18.09 | 67.94±16.94 | 66.96±13.11 | ||||||||
Unemployed | 72 | 58.47±18.28 | 62.36±16.23 | 60.42±16.31 | 60.42±12.61 | ||||||||
Education
| -.24 | .81 | −2.10 | .04 | −1.52 | .13 | −1.15 | .25 | |||||
Lower than college | 63 | 59.84±20.12 | 64.76±19.25 | 62.22±16.50 | 62.28±14.87 | ||||||||
College or higher | 135 | 59.41±16.56 | 70.96±17.27 | 66.59±17.20 | 65.65±12.38 | ||||||||
Happy or unhappy about the pregnancy
| 1.07 | .59 | 8.70 | .01 | 3.59 | .17 | 6.94 | .03 | |||||
Happy | 160 | 60.06±17.43 | 70.25±17.55 | 66.06±17.20 | 65.46±12.77 | ||||||||
Unhappy | 13 | 54.62±15.06 | 56.92±10.32 | 57.69±14.23 | 56.41±8.97 | ||||||||
Uncertain | 25 | 58.80±20.88 | 67.20±22.46 | 63.60±17.05 | 63.20±16.82 | ||||||||
T4
| |||||||||||||
Parity
| -.71 | .48 | -.24 | .81 | −1.09 | .28 | -.09 | .93 | |||||
Primipara | 111 | 59.55±19.42 | 69.19±20.85 | 61.62±15.46 | 66.79±15.54 | ||||||||
Multipara | 87 | 70.57±20.65 | 70.11±21.16 | 58.51±17.56 | 66.40±16.27 | ||||||||
Employment
| −1.51 | .13 | −3.21 | .001 | −2.71 | .01 | −3.02 | .003 | |||||
Employed | 116 | 71.81±19.32 | 73.45±20.26 | 63.19±14.12 | 69.48±14.94 | ||||||||
Unemployed | 82 | 67.44±20.60 | 64.15±20.78 | 56.10±18.58 | 62.56±16.24 | ||||||||
Being taken care of
| -.17 | .87 | -.68 | .50 | -.18 | .86 | -.21 | .83 | |||||
Yes | 192 | 70.10±19.66 | 69.43±20.70 | 60.31±16.37 | 66.61±15.63 | ||||||||
No | 6 | 66.67±29.44 | 75.00±29.50 | 58.33±20.41 | 66.67±23.29 | ||||||||
Baby sitter
| −1.66 | .10 | −1.59 | .11 | −1.77 | .08 | −1.84 | .07 | |||||
Yes | 155 | 71.23±19.72 | 70.90±20.24 | 61.35±16.00 | 67.83±15.22 | ||||||||
No | 43 | 65.58±20.27 | 64.88±22.93 | 56.28±17.60 | 62.25±17.35 | ||||||||
Baby’s gender
| -.67 | .51 | −1.73 | .08 | -.34 | .73 | −1.32 | .19 | |||||
Male | 106 | 70.94±20.07 | 71.98±20.54 | 60.75±15.16 | 67.89±15.65 | ||||||||
Female | 91 | 69.23±19.68 | 67.14±21.10 | 59.67±17.98 | 65.35±15.95 | ||||||||
Baby’s sleep patterns
| 3.70 | .16 | 1.49 | .48 | 2.81 | .25 | 3.39 | .18 | |||||
Serious problem | 15 | 60.00±25.07 | 64.67±24.75 | 56.67±13.45 | 60.44±18.38 | ||||||||
Manageable | 73 | 69.04±18.12 | 67.81±21.42 | 57.67±15.14 | 64.84±14.98 | ||||||||
Small problem | 89 | 71.46±19.57 | 71.24±19.70 | 61.24±16.91 | 67.98±15.56 | ||||||||
Not a problem | 21 | 74.29±22.26 | 72.38±21.89 | 67.62±18.95 | 71.43±16.88 | ||||||||
Maternity leave
| .20 | .91 | 2.24 | .33 | 4.00 | .14 | 1.55 | .46 | |||||
Paid leave | 96 | 73.33±18.33 | 74.58±19.41 | 64.79±13.69 | 70.90±13.83 | ||||||||
No-pay leave | 26 | 69.62±22.36 | 69.23±22.96 | 56.92±18.28 | 65.26±19.05 | ||||||||
No leave/not employed | 76 | 65.92±20.47 | 63.42±20.69 | 55.66±17.61 | 61.67±15.68 | ||||||||
Birth method
| −1.63 | .10 | -.19 | .85 | -.30 | .77 | -.68 | .50 | |||||
Vaginal delivery | 143 | 60.98±17.21 | 69.51±17.78 | 65.38±17.11 | 65.29±12.61 | ||||||||
Cesarean section | 54 | 56.48±18.14 | 68.15±18.84 | 64.44±17.12 | 63.02±14.81 |
Level of quality of life by time
Range |
M±SD
|
B
|
Wald X
2
|
p
| 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical health
| ||||||
T1 (referent) | 0–100 | 59.55±17.72 | - | - | - | - |
T2 | 0-100 | 55.84±18.49 | −3.66 | 11.53 | .001 | −5.77, -1.55 |
T3 | 0-90 | 50.77±18.58 | −8.82 | 48.01 | <.001 | −11.32, -6.33 |
T4 | 10-100 | 70.00±19.92 | 10.46 | 41.33 | <.001 | 7.27, 13.65 |
Mental health
| ||||||
T1 (referent) | 10–100 | 68.99±18.11 | - | - | - | - |
T2 | 20–100 | 70.41±18.48 | 1.52 | 1.63 | .20 | -.81, 3.85 |
T3 | 20–100 | 69.28±20.89 | .30 | .06 | .81 | −2.04, 2.63 |
T4 | 20–100 | 69.60±20.94 | .61 | .15 | .70 | −2.47, 3.69 |
Unhappy (referent) | 50-80 | 56.92±10.32 | - | - | - | - |
Happy | 20-100 | 70.25±17.55 | 3.61 | 1.05 | .31 | −3.29, 10.51 |
Uncertain | 10-100 | 67.20±22.46 | -.60 | .02 | .90 | −9.64, 8.44 |
Lower than college (referent) | 10-100 | 64.76±19.25 | - | - | - | - |
Equal to or higher than college | 20-100 | 70.96±17.27 | .10 | .001 | .97 | −4.90, 5.09 |
Unemployed | 20-100 | 62.36±16.23 | - | - | - | - |
Employed | 10-100 | 72.78±18.09 | 8.26 | 11.33 | .001 | 2.46, 3.45 |
Social health
| ||||||
T1 (referent) | 20–100 | 65.20±17.06 | - | - | - | - |
T2 | 10–100 | 64.87±18.70 | -.27 | .07 | .80 | −2.35, 1.80 |
Correlations between dimensions of quality of life
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. T1 physical health | 1 | ||||||||||||||
2. T1 mental health | .39**
| 1 | |||||||||||||
3. T1 social health | .21*
| .44**
| 1 | ||||||||||||
4. T1 general health | .71***
| .82***
| .72***
| 1 | |||||||||||
5. T2 physical health | .65***
| .29*
| .34**
| .57***
| 1 | ||||||||||
6. T2 mental health | .40**
| .58***
| .45**
| .64***
| .37**
| 1 | |||||||||
7. T2 social health | .26*
| .49**
| .66***
| .62***
| .27*
| .49**
| 1 | ||||||||
8. T2 general health | .57***
| .59***
| .63***
| .80***
| .72***
| .81***
| .77***
| 1 | |||||||
9. T3 physical health | .52***
| .36**
| .29*
| .52***
| .68***
| .37**
| .28*
| .58***
| 1 | ||||||
10. T3 mental health | .34**
| .64***
| .46**
| .64***
| .40**
| .71***
| .50***
| .71***
| .44**
| 1 | |||||
11. T3 social health | .23*
| .41**
| .62***
| .56***
| .32**
| .51***
| .63***
| .64***
| .27*
| .57***
| 1 | ||||
12. T3 general health | .46**
| .60***
| .58***
| .73***
| .59***
| .68***
| .60***
| .82***
| .72***
| .87***
| .77***
| 1 | |||
13. T4 physical health | .26*
| .20*
| .22*
| .30**
| .43**
| .23*
| .23*
| .39**
| .36**
| .27*
| .22*
| .36**
| 1 | ||
14. T4 mental health | .18*
| .35**
| .29*
| .36**
| .34**
| .41**
| .32**
| .47**
| .27*
| .41**
| .29*
| .42**
| .58***
| 1 | |
15. T4 social health | .11 | .26*
| .44**
| .36**
| .23*
| .27*
| .50***
| .44**
| .21*
| .24*
| .42**
| .36**
| .40**
| .57***
| 1 |
16. T4 general health | .23*
| .33**
| .37**
| .41**
| .41**
| .37**
| .41**
| .52***
| .35**
| .38**
| .37**
| .46**
| .82***
| .89***
| .77***
|
Prediction of newborn preterm birth and low birthweight
B
| S.E. | Wald |
p
| Exp(B) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Preterm birth
| |||||
Constant | −2.26 | 1.52 | 2.23 | .14 | .10 |
Parity | −2.51 | .84 | 8.91 | .003 | .08 |
T1 physical health | -.004 | .03 | .02 | .89 | 1.00 |
T1 mental health | -.04 | .02 | 3.00 | .08 | .96 |
T1 social health | .05 | .03 | 1.95 | .16 | 1.05 |
T2 physical health | .09 | .04 | 6.18 | .01 | 1.09 |
T2 mental health | -.03 | .03 | 1.33 | .25 | .97 |
T2 social health | .03 | .03 | 1.18 | .28 | 1.03 |
T3 physical health | -.06 | .03 | 5.01 | .03 | .95 |
T3 mental health | .06 | .03 | 5.58 | .02 | 1.07 |
T3 social health | -.10 | .03 | 10.03 | .002 | .91 |
Low birthweight
| |||||
Constant | −2.81 | 2.08 | 1.83 | .18 | .06 |
T1 physical health | -.01 | .04 | .14 | .71 | .99 |
T1 mental health | -.09 | .03 | 7.50 | .01 | .92 |
T1 social health | .01 | .04 | .02 | .89 | 1.01 |
T2 physical health | .02 | .04 | .16 | .69 | 1.02 |
T2 mental health | -.03 | .03 | 1.25 | .26 | .97 |
T2 social health | .09 | .03 | 6.80 | .01 | 1.09 |
T3 physical health | -.01 | .03 | .10 | .75 | .99 |
T3 mental health | .06 | .03 | 2.98 | .08 | 1.06 |
T3 social health | -.04 | .04 | .86 | .36 | .96 |