Background
Body mass index (BMI) is a critical indicator of nutritional status in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the following categories based on BMI values: underweight (< 18.5 kg/m
2); normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m
2); overweight (25–29.9 kg/m
2); obese (30–39.9 kg/m
2) and morbidly obese (≥40 kg/m
2). Emaciation is a common condition during the early period of HIV epidemic. However, with the emergence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the frequency of overweight/obesity has risen considerably [
1,
2]. For instance, a study in an urban cohort of HIV-infected patients has demonstrated that 45% of that population is overweight/obese, which may be more prevalent than wasting [
3].
Typically, obesity can increase the risk of numerous deleterious health consequences in general populations, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes and stroke [
4,
5]. In the pre-HAART era, obesity has been associated with delayed disease progression among HIV-infected patients [
6,
7]. However, the effects of BMI on immune reconstitution after initiating HAART remain inconsistent. Several studies have reported a comparable immune status among HIV-infected patients under normal, overweight, and obese categories, and higher BMI is not correlated with immunological and viral responses to antiretroviral therapy [
8]. In contrast, other reports suggest that the immune reconstitution induced by HAART is often greatest among subjects classified as overweight [
9,
10], and there is some evidence that a higher BMI is associated with more robust CD4+ T-cell recovery in HAART-treated patients [
11]. Besides, a study discovered that following HAART, obese HIV-infected patients acquired fewer CD4+ T lymphocytes compared to normal weight HIV-infected patients, indicating that the potentially adverse immune response is associated with excess weight [
6].
Most of the aforementioned studies are conducted in Western countries. Indeed, Wang et al. [
12] suggest that Asians possess lower mean BMI but higher body fat percentage than Caucasians of the same age and gender. Nonetheless, the dosages of antiretroviral drugs used for treating our HIV-infected Asian patients were the same as those used by Caucasians. To date, studies on the clinical characteristics and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy among underweight, normal and overweight/obese HIV-infected adult populations in China are relatively limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the frequencies of underweight, normal and overweight/obesity at baseline (pre-HAART) in a large cohort of HIV-infected Chinese patients. In addition, the effects of baseline BMI on HIV prognosis were investigated by measuring CD4+ T lymphocyte levels during routine medical care after HAART initiation.
Methods
HIV subjects
A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted on adult patients enrolling in care at the HIV Clinic of the 1st Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang. Patients with HIV-seropositive test results were eligible for this study. The study cohort included HAART-naïve patients who initiated HAART between 2004 and 2016, and underwent follow-up examinations for up to 120 months during antiretroviral therapy. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.
Data collection
At initial clinic visit before treatment, a detailed questionnaire was specifically designed to collect the demographic, clinical and socioeconomic data from all participants, including height, weight, age at HAART initiation, gender, clinical symptoms, history of AIDS-defining events and drug combinations. Other recorded variables were included race (Han and non-Han), alcohol use, tobacco smoking, transmission route (homosexual transmission, heterosexual transmission, injection drug use [IDU], transfusion or other), marital status (single, married/partnered, divorced/separated or widowed) and educational background.
In addition, all patients underwent a complete physical examination and laboratory testing such as cytometry, fasting blood lipids, CD4+ T lymphocytes, HIV-RNA viral load, and co-infection with tuberculosis and hepatitis B/C virus. According to the WHO clinical staging system for HIV/AIDS, the patients were classified as Stage I to IV, depending on their specific clinical conditions and symptoms that reflect disease progression from primary HIV infection to advanced AIDS. Stage IV was characterized by severe opportunistic infection and/or a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of less than 200cells/μL.
After initiating antiretroviral therapy, the patients attended follow-up visits every 3 months during the first year after starting HAART, and then the frequencies of follow-up were reduced to 6-month intervals. Biological specimens were collected during each follow-up visit for routine examination, immunological and viral assays, in order to evaluate adverse events (AEs) and therapeutic effects. All data obtained from patients’ medical records were entered into an electronic database.
Measurements of BMI and HIV-RNA
The weight of all patients was objectively measured in the morning after fasting for more than 6 h. BMI was calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared (kg/m2), and categorized according to above-mentioned WHO guidelines.
An internationally accredited Roche TaqMan viral load method was used to measure and quantify HIV-RNA, which exhibited excellent stability, high sensitivity and low detection limit (20copies/mL). At present, the most commonly used definition of virologic suppression is less than 400copies/mL in most areas of China.
Statistical analysis
Wilcoxon rank sum test (continuous variables) or χ2 test (discrete variables) was used to compare the differences in demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV patients across different BMI categories. The continuous variables were summarized as medians (inter quartile range [IQR]). Logistic regression models were used to identify the factors that contribute to undetectable viral load (HIV-RNA < 400copies/mL) within 3–6 months after initiating HAART. Besides, univariable and multivariable linear regression (enter) were performed to assess the relationship between the baseline variables, including BMI and CD4+ T cell increase at 12 and 30 months. Viral suppression has been hypothesized to have potential effects on the elevated levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes, and thus virologic failure was incorporated into the model. Patients who did not achieve an viral suppression (HIV-RNA < 400copies/mL) within the first 3–6 months after HAART, or with a plasma HIV-RNA level of greater than or equal to 400copies/mL for two successive censor after achieving <400copies/mL were considered as virologic failure. All variables with p-value< 0.2 in the univariate model were included into the multivariate analysis.
Cox proportional hazard model was used to compare hazard ratios (HR) on time to events of immune reconstitution outcomes, with BMI as a continuous variable. The primary outcome measure was time to first occurrence of achieving more than 500cells/μL CD4+ T lymphocytes during the entire course of this study. The event was documented from the date of initial inclusion to the date of the visit in which the event was recorded. The model was adjusted by age, gender, CD4+ T lymphocytes, HIV-RNA viral load and WHO stage at pre-HAART.
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). P values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Discussion
The reconstitution of the immune system is an ultimate goal of HAART, but the host factors contributing to these processes remain largely uncertain. Through a large cohort of HIV-infected adults in China, we found that higher BMI at pre-treatment was associated with advantages in immune recovery over time after HAART initiation. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the impact of BMI on immune reconstitution in a large cohort of Chinese HIV-infected patients.
BMI is a measure of weight relative to height in order to determine body composition. Among the 1612 study participants, the baseline prevalence of overweight/obese was found to be 17.6%. Several recent studies have reported that obesity occurs in 40–60% of HIV-infected adults, whereas our data showed an obviously lower prevalence of overweight among the study participants [
9,
13,
14]. These differences may be due to the influence of different dietary patterns on nutritional alterations experienced by patients suffering from HIV infection in each population. Thus, further research is needed to examine the poor nutritional status of HIV-infected patients, such as dietary habits, sleep patterns, employment status and socioeconomic conditions.
Our cross-sectional analyses highlighted significant differences in CD4+ T lymphocytes and HIV-RNA viral load among different BMI groups at baseline (pre-HAART), and the frequency of advanced HIV stage was definitely higher in the underweight group. This can be explained by previous finding that malnutrition is associated with the immune suppression of antigen-specific arms, decreased T-lymphocyte proliferation, and atrophy of lymph tissues. However, most of these studies were conducted on children populations [
15‐
17]. Higher CD4+ T lymphocytes before initiating HAART has been demonstrated to predict better prognosis, and some reports emphasized that patients suffering from pre-treatment immunodeficiency or AIDS-defining conditions may have greater risks of morbidity and mortality both before and during the initial months of HAART [
18]. In addition, our results showed that lower baseline HIV-RNA viral loads were associated with achieving virus suppression after 3–6 months of treatment. Thus we propose that higher baseline HIV-1 RNA levels in the underweight strata of our cohort may contribute to the delayed interval before virus inhibition.
Furthermore, higher BMI at pre-HAART was independently related to 30-month increase of CD4+ T lymphocytes and a greater possibility of immune reconstitution (more than 500cells/μL of CD4+ T lymphocytes) during the follow-up period. These findings are somewhat consistent with those reported by Johnson et al [
10,
19] that higher BMI predicts greater increases in the amounts of CD4+ T lymphocytes after HAART initiation. To date, the physiological mechanisms linking BMI to the increases of peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients on HAART remain largely unknown. Several recent studies have shown that obese HIV-negative adults possess higher CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD4/CD8 ratio compared to under or normal weight adults [
20,
21]. These phenomena may be explained by the observations that BMI (stratified by obese, overweight and normal) was positively associated with the serum levels of leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone that influences body weight [
22]. Leptin can play an essential role in the immune response to HIV infection by increasing CD4+ T lymphocyte levels, due to the fact that leptin supplementation is associated with CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation in humans [
23,
24]. However, other factors may also affect immunologic reconstitution in patients receiving HAART, such as thymic size and persistent immune activation [
25,
26]. Thus, we can surmise that BMI has the potential to play a positive role in controlling immune reconstitution in response to HAART. Moreover, Huang et al. have highlighted that HIV disease progression is more rapid in Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) than those experienced by MSM in resource-rich settings [
27]. Therefore, the strengths of this study not only emphasize that BMI is an easily obtained surveillance indicator predictive of HIV-related health outcomes in some remote areas, but also provide an interesting hypothesis regarding the association between metabolic and immunological cross talks. In the context of HIV-1 infection, metabolism is intimately involved in the regulation and physiology of immune cells, which may represent a mechanistic pathway with therapeutic potential, particularly for underweight patients with poor immune reconstitution in response to HAART. In this study, CD4+ T cell counts significantly rose over a 5-year period after initiating HAART, with the rapidest growth observed during the first year of treatment. These findings were in agreement with some previous reports [
28,
29]. In the present study, the baseline BMI was independently related to a greater probability of higher CD4 counts (more than 500cells/μL) and a 30-month increase of CD4+ T lymphocytes, indicating that BMI may predict immune reconstitution in response to HAART after a sufficiently long period of time. In addition, there is evidence suggesting that patients categorized early as having a suboptimal CD4 response may achieve later improvement in CD4 cells over time with continued HAART [
30].
The percentage of overweight/obese patients (17.6%) found in this study was comparable to the 17.1% of overweight/obese men and 14.4% of overweight/obese women observed in the general Chinese population. A previous study reported that the obesity rates exhibit an increasing trend from 1993 to 2009 [
31]. Thus, it is reasonable to predict that the frequency of overweight/obese HIV-infected patients is continuously increasing, probably due to better access to food and transition to modern sedentary lifestyles. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease among HIV-uninfected individuals [
32], but each unit increase in BMI may have a more profound effect against the risk of diabetes in HIV-infected patients compared to HIV-uninfected subjects [
33,
34]. In contrast, obesity does not appear to adversely affect the key cardiovascular risk factors, such as lipid profile and endothelial activity, in HIV-infected patients [
35]. Besides, obesity is associated with both liver steatosis and fibrosis [
36], and certain types of cancer [
37] in general population. While a recent study indicates that HIV patients receiving HAART with a BMI of approximately 30 kg/m
2 tend to have a lower risk of developing hepatic, renal, and oncologic diseases compared to normal BMI individuals [
38].
Nevertheless, several limitations were inevitable in the present study. First, pharmacokinetic data was not collected, thus, it remained unknown whether the treatment (e.g. drug dosing) of overweight/obese patients could result in drug exposure as compared to normal weight patients. In addition, this observational study might not provide evidence of a direct causal pathway between BMI and immunologic reconstitution. Finally, time-updated BMI was not employed in this study, and therefore the issues of weight gain after HAART initiation had not been considered.