Background
Methods
Study sample
Ascertainment of dizziness
Potential predictors of regular dizziness
Statistical analysis
Performance of the models
Results
Prevalence of dizziness
Univariable associations with dizziness
7-year follow-up (N = 681) | 10-year follow-up (N = 512) | |||||||||
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Baseline characteristic | D+ (N = 129) | D- (N = 552) | OR | 95% CI |
Pvalue | D+ (N = 73) | D- (N = 439) | OR | 95% CI |
Pvalue |
I. Sociodemographic
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Age, mean (SD) | 74.0 (6.2) | 72.9 (6.2) | 1.0 | 1.0-1.1 | 0.052 | 72.4 (6.0) | 72.0 (5.9) | 1.0 | 1.0-1.1 | 0.609 |
Gender, female, n (%) | 99 (76.7) | 304 (55.1) | 2.7 | 1.7-4.2 | <0.001 | 48 (65.8) | 253 (57.6) | 1.4 | 0.8-2.4 | 0.193 |
Years of education, mean (SD) | 8.3 (2.8) | 9.4 (3.3) | 0.9 | 0.8-1.0 | 0.001 | 9.0 (3.1) | 9.4 (3.3) | 1.0 | 0.9-1.0 | 0.315 |
Living alone, n(%) | 67 (51.9) | 182 (33.0) | 2.2 | 1.5-3.2 | <0.001 | 36 (49.3) | 144 (32.8) | 2.0 | 1.2-3.3 | 0.007 |
II. Medical history
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Regular dizziness, n (%) | 47 (36.4) | 50 (9.1) | 5.8 | 3.6-9.1 | <0.001 | 28 (38.4) | 41 (9.3) | 6.0 | 3.4-10.7 | <0.001 |
No. major chronic diseases (0–7), mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.4 | 1.2-1.7 | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.3 | 1.0-1.5 | 0.015 |
Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 18 (14.0) | 73 (13.2) | 1.1 | 0.6-1.9 | 0.827 | 9 (12.3) | 58 (13.2) | 0.9 | 0.4-2.0 | 0.836 |
Cardiac disease, n (%) | 38 (29.5) | 134 (24.3) | 1.3 | 0.9-2.0 | 0.223 | 19 (26.0) | 103 (23.5) | 1.1 | 0.7-2.0 | 0.634 |
Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 14 (10.9) | 33 (6.0) | 1.9 | 1.0-3.7 | 0.053 | 4 (5.5) | 27 (6.2) | 0.9 | 0.3-2.6 | 0.824 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 10 (7.8) | 36 (6.5) | 1.2 | 0.6-2.5 | 0.617 | 5 (6.8) | 22 (5.0) | 1.4 | 0.5-3.8 | 0.517 |
Stroke, n (%) | 5 (3.9) | 26 (4.7) | 0.8 | 0.3-2.2 | 0.683 | 3 (4.1) | 15 (3.4) | 1.2 | 0.3-4.3 | 0.766 |
Osteo/rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 93 (72.1) | 248 (44.9) | 3.2 | 2.1-4.8 | <0.001 | 45 (61.6) | 216 (49.2) | 1.7 | 1.0-2.8 | 0.051 |
Cancer, n (%) | 25 (19.4) | 58 (10.5) | 2.0 | 1.2-3.4 | 0.006 | 14 (19.2) | 52 (11.8) | 1.8 | 0.9-3.4 | 0.087 |
III. Medication
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No. of drugs, mean (SD) | 2.9 (2.1) | 2.2 (2.0) | 1.2 | 1.1-1.3 | 0.001 | 2.5 (2.0) | 2.0 (1.9) | 1.1 | 1.0-1.3 | 0.030 |
Psychopharmaceutical drugs | ||||||||||
Antidepressants, n (%) | 8 (6.2) | 20 (3.6) | 1.8 | 0.8-4.1 | 0.189 | 2 (2.7) | 16 (3.6) | 0.7 | 0.2-3.3 | 0.698 |
Anxiolytics, n (%) | 13 (10.1) | 28 (5.1) | 2.1 | 1.1-4.2 | 0.035 | 9 (12.3) | 20 (4.6) | 2.9 | 1.3-6.8 | 0.011 |
Hypnotics, n (%) | 19 (14.7) | 51 (9.2) | 1.7 | 1.0-3.0 | 0.067 | 8 (11.0) | 37 (8.4) | 1.3 | 0.6-3.0 | 0.481 |
Cardiovascular drugs | ||||||||||
Antihypertensives, n (%) | 53 (41.1) | 191 (34.6) | 1.3 | 0.9-2.0 | 0.168 | 32 (43.8) | 147 (33.5) | 1.6 | 0.9-2.6 | 0.086 |
Diuretics, n (%) | 28 (21.7) | 75 (13.6) | 1.8 | 1.1-2.9 | 0.022 | 12 (16.4) | 49 (11.2) | 1.6 | 0.8-3.1 | 0.201 |
Nitrates, n (%) | 19 (14.7) | 32 (5.8) | 2.8 | 1.5-5.1 | 0.001 | 9 (12.3) | 27 (6.2) | 2.1 | 1.0-4.8 | 0.061 |
IV. Psychological
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Impaired cognition, MMSE ≤24, n (%) | 9 (7.0) | 25 (4.5) | 1.6 | 0.7-3.5 | 0.254 | 4 (5.5) | 15 (3.4) | 1.6 | 0.5-5.1 | 0.392 |
Anxiety, HADS-A ≥11, n (%)a,f
| 17 (13.3) | 17 (3.1) | 4.8 | 2.4-9.7 | <0.001 | 7 (9.6) | 13 (3.0) | 3.5 | 1.4-9.0 | 0.011 |
Depression, CES-D ≥16, n (%)a,f
| 40 (31.3) | 78 (14.2) | 2.8 | 1.8-4.3 | <0.001 | 20 (27.4) | 68 (15.5) | 2.1 | 1.2-3.7 | 0.014 |
Anxiety or depression a,f
| 43 (33.6) | 83 (15.1) | 2.9 | 1.8-4.4 | <0.001 | 21 (28.8) | 72 (16.4) | 2.1 | 1.2-3.6 | 0.013 |
V. Sensory
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Impaired vision, n (%)b
| 42 (32.6) | 94 (17.1) | 2.3 | 1.5-3.6 | <0.001 | 20 (27.4) | 71 (16.2) | 2.0 | 1.1-3.5 | 0.022 |
Impaired hearing, n (%) | 49 (38.0) | 169 (30.6) | 1.4 | 0.9-2.1 | 0.107 | 26 (35.6) | 127 (28.9) | 1.4 | 0.8-2.3 | 0.249 |
VI. Balance/gait
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Impaired function of lower extremities (gait speed), n (%)c,g
| 52 (41.3) | 130 (23.8) | 2.3 | 1.5-3.4 | <0.001 | 25 (34.2) | 98 (22.6) | 1.8 | 1.0-3.0 | 0.033 |
Impaired function of lower extremities (chair stands), n (%)d,h
| 65 (51.2) | 146 (26.5) | 2.9 | 2.0-4.3 | <0.001 | 34 (47.2) | 108 (24.7) | 2.7 | 1.6-4.6 | <0.001 |
Impaired standing balance (tandem stand), n (%)e,g
| 35 (27.8) | 97 (17.8) | 1.8 | 1.1-2.8 | 0.012 | 17 (23.3) | 68 (15.7) | 1.6 | 0.9-3.0 | 0.110 |
Falling past year, n (%)a,f
| 46 (35.7) | 159 (28.9) | 1.4 | 0.9-2.0 | 0.134 | 25 (34.2) | 128 (29.2) | 1.3 | 0.7-2.1 | 0.386 |
Multivariable associations with dizziness
Characteristic | B | SE | Wald | OR | 95% CI |
Pvalue |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7-year follow-up
a
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Living alone | 0.450 | 0.229 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 1.0-2.5 | 0.050 |
History of dizziness | 1.324 | 0.265 | 25.0 | 3.8 | 2.2-6.3 | <0.001 |
History of osteo/rheumatoid arthritis | 0.644 | 0.239 | 7.3 | 1.9 | 1.2-3.0 | 0.007 |
History of cancer | 0.524 | 0.307 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 0.9-3.1 | 0.088 |
Use of nitrates | 0.835 | 0.351 | 5.6 | 2.3 | 1.2-4.6 | 0.018 |
Presence of anxiety or depression | 0.541 | 0.262 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 1.0-2.9 | 0.039 |
Impaired vision | 0.611 | 0.254 | 5.8 | 1.8 | 1.1-3.0 | 0.016 |
Impaired function of lower extremities (chair stands) | 0.670 | 0.229 | 8.6 | 2.0 | 1.2-3.1 | 0.003 |
10-year follow-up
b
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Living alone | 0.460 | 0.278 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 0.9-2.7 | 0.098 |
History of dizziness | 1.555 | 0.306 | 25.9 | 4.7 | 2.6-8.6 | <0.001 |
History of cancer | 0.552 | 0.357 | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.9-3.5 | 0.122 |
Use of anxiolytics | 0.861 | 0.475 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0.9-6.0 | 0.070 |
Impaired function of lower extremities (chair stands) | 0.744 | 0.281 | 7.0 | 2.1 | 1.2-3.7 | 0.008 |