Background
Methods
Study design, setting and population
Definition of variables
Data source and collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable Name | Category | Retained N (col %) 128 (7%) | LTFU N (col %) 1690 (93%) | Chi-Square P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
Sex |
0.016
| |||
Female | 88 (69) | 978 (58) | ||
Male | 40 (31) | 712 (42) | ||
Median age (IQR) (years) | Age | 60 (50–68) | 53 (44–64) |
< 0.001
|
Age group (years) |
0.001
| |||
19–44 | 15 (12) | 439 (26) | ||
45–64 | 68 (53) | 831 (49) | ||
Above 64 | 45 (35) | 420 (25) | ||
Residence | 0.966 | |||
Rural | 14 (11) | 193 (12) | ||
Peri-urban | 33 (26) | 422 (24) | ||
Urban | 81 (63) | 1075 (64) | ||
Education level | 0.23 | |||
<=Primary Education | 50 (39) | 753 (45) | ||
Secondary | 53 (41) | 574 (34) | ||
Post-Secondary | 25 (20) | 363 (21) | ||
Socioeconomic status | 0.107 | |||
Lower | 22 (17) | 408 (24) | ||
Middle | 58 (45) | 771 (46) | ||
Upper | 48 (38) | 511 (30) | ||
Life style characteristics | ||||
Smoking | 0.19 | |||
No | 119 (93) | 1509 (89) | ||
Yes | 9 (7) | 181 (11) | ||
Alcohol | 0.646 | |||
No | 93 (73) | 431 (26) | ||
Yes | 35 (27) | 1259 (74) | ||
DM treatment characteristics | ||||
Life style alone | 0.176 | |||
No | 127 (99) | 1637 (97) | ||
Yes | 1 (1) | 53 (3) | ||
Lifestyle and monotherapy |
0.03
| |||
No | 106 (83) | 1254 (74) | ||
Yes | 22 (17) | 436 (26) | ||
Lifestyle and dual therapy |
0.006
| |||
No | 40 (31) | 740 (44) | ||
Yes | 88 (69) | 950 (56) | ||
Lifestyle and triple therapy | 0.359 | |||
No | 115 (90) | 1557 (92) | ||
Yes | 13 (10) | 133 (8) | ||
Lifestyle and combination injection therapy |
0.037
| |||
No | 122 (95) | 1514 (90) | ||
Yes | 6 (5) | 176 (10) | ||
DM complications and comorbidities | ||||
Neuropathy |
< 0.001
| |||
No | 54 (42) | 1141 (68 | ||
Yes | 74 (58) | 549 (32)) | ||
Nephropathy |
0.005
| |||
No | 114 (89) | 1605 (95) | ||
Yes | 14 (11) | 85 (5) | ||
Retinopathy |
0.01
| |||
No | 94 (73) | 1394 (82) | ||
Yes | 34 (27) | 296 (18) | ||
Macroangiopathy |
0.003
| |||
No | 120 (94) | 1654 (98) | ||
Yes | 8 (6) | 36 (2) | ||
Diabetic foot |
0.038
| |||
No | 116 (91) | 1604 (95) | ||
Yes | 12 (9) | 86 (5) | ||
Hypoglycaemia | 0.095 | |||
No | 122 (95) | 1651 (98) | ||
Yes | 6 (5) | 39 (2) | ||
Hypertension |
0.001
| |||
No | 26 (20) | 593 (35) | ||
Yes | 102 (80) | 1097 (65) | ||
Erectile dysfunctiona |
< 0.001
| |||
No | 23 (57) | 576 (81) | ||
Yes | 17 (43) | 136 (19) | ||
Fasting plasma glucose (Mmol/l) | 0.955 | |||
Controlled glycaemia | 35 (27) | 466 (28) | ||
Hyperglycaemia | 93 (73) | 1224 (72) |
Variable Name | Category | LTFU N = 1690 n (col%) | uHR 95%CI | P-value | aHR 95%CI | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic Characteristics | ||||||
Sex | ||||||
Female | 712 (42) |
Reference
| ||||
Male | 978 (58) | 1.27 (1.15–1.40) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) |
0.002
| |
Age group | ||||||
19–44 | 439 (26) |
Reference
| ||||
45–64 | 831 (49) | 0.73 (0.65–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) |
0.003
| |
Above 64 | 420 (25) | 0.63 (0.55–0.72) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.67–0.90) |
0.001
| |
Socioeconomic statu | ||||||
Lower | 408 (24) |
Reference
| ||||
Middle | 771 (46) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.041 | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) |
0.003
| |
Upper | 511 (30) | 0.88 (0.77–0.99) | 0.046 | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) |
0.006
| |
Life Style Characterisitcs | ||||||
Smoking | ||||||
No | 1509 (89) | Reference | ||||
Yes | 181 (11) |
1.26 (1.08–1.47)
| 0.003 | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) |
0.016
| |
DM Treatment characteristics | ||||||
Lifestyle and monotherapy | ||||||
No | 1254 (74) |
Reference
| ||||
Yes | 436 (26) | 1.34 (1.20–1.49) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 0.808 | |
Lifestyle & dual therapy | ||||||
No | 740 (44) |
Reference
| ||||
Yes | 950 (56) | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) |
0.006
| |
Lifestyle & triple therapy | ||||||
No | 1557 (92) | Reference | ||||
Yes | 133 (8) | 0.79 (0.66–0.95) | 0.01 | 0.77 (0.61–0.97) |
0.028
| |
DM Complications and comorbidities | ||||||
Hypertension | ||||||
No | 593 (35) |
Reference
| ||||
Yes | 1097 (65) | 0.71 (0.65–0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) | 0.07 | |
Neuropathy | ||||||
No | 1141 (68) | Reference | ||||
Yes | 549 (32) | 0.64 (0.57–0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.72 (0.65–0.81) |
< 0.001
| |
Nephropathy | ||||||
No | 1605 (95) | Reference | ||||
Yes | 85 (5) | 0.54 (0.43–0.67) | < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.45–0.71) |
< 0.001
| |
Retinopathy | ||||||
No | 1394 (82) | Reference | ||||
Yes | 296 (18) | 0.70 (0.62–0.80) | < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 0.101 | |
Macroangiopathy | ||||||
No | 1654 (98) |
Reference
| ||||
Yes | 36 (2) | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.093 | 0.91 (0.65–1.27) | 0.579 | |
Diabetic foot | ||||||
No | 1604 (95) | Reference | ||||
Yes | 86 (5) | 0.68 (0.55–0.85) | 0.001 | 0.82 (0.65–1.02) | 0.072 | |
Hypoglycaemia | ||||||
No | 1651 (98) |
Reference
| ||||
Yes | 39 (2) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.061 | 0.79 (0.58–1.09) | 0.157 |