Background
Greater intentions of future help-seeking will be associated with: | Higher odds of past help-seeking behaviours will be associated with: |
---|---|
- predisposing factors: | - predisposing factors: |
(1) being female | (1) being female |
(2) being older | (2) being older |
(3) being married | (3) being married |
(4) longer length of stay in the UK | (4) longer length of stay in the UK |
(5) presence of a partner in the UK | (5) presence of a partner in the UK |
(6) presence of a child/children in the UK | (6) presence of a child/children in the UK |
(7) lower help-seeking self-stigma | (7) lower help-seeking self-stigma |
- enabling factors: | - enabling factors: |
(1) having a degree | (1) having a degree |
(2) being employed | (2) being employed |
(3) greater perceived social support | (3) greater perceived social support |
(4) better proficiency in English language | (4) better proficiency in English language |
(5) better knowledge of NHS | (5) better knowledge of NHS |
(6) greater acculturation | (6) greater acculturation |
(7) history of help-seeking behaviours | |
- need factors: | - need factors: |
(1) poorer mental health | (1) poorer mental health |
Methods
Sampling procedure
Instruments and measures
Outcome measures
Predictors
Missing data
Statistical analysis
Results
Missing data
Sample characteristics
Characteristics | Men (n = 174)a | Women (n = 353)a | Total (N = 536) |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
Marital Status | |||
In relationship (unmarried) | 59 (33.9) | 127 (36.0) | 189 (35.3) |
Married | 38 (21.8) | 120 (34.0) | 161 (30.0) |
Single, never married | 64 (36.8) | 64 (18.1) | 129 (24.1) |
Divorced | 13 (7.5) | 37 (10.5) | 50 (9.3) |
Widowed | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.1) | 4 (0.7) |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.6) |
Living Place | |||
England | 134 (77.0) | 262 (74.2) | 400 (74.6) |
Scotland | 35 (20.1) | 76 (21.5) | 112 (20.9) |
Wales | 3 (1.7) | 11 (3.1) | 15 (2.8) |
Northern Ireland | 1 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) |
Missing | 1 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 5 (0.9) |
Education | |||
Nursery school to 8th grade | 11 (6.3) | 15 (4.3) | 26 (4.9) |
College without A Levels | 57 (32.8) | 102 (28.9) | 162 (30.2) |
College with A Levels | 41 (23.6) | 78 (22.1) | 122 (22.8) |
BA/BSc | 29 (16.7) | 64 (18.1) | 94 (17.5) |
MA/MSc | 32 (18.4) | 83 (23.5) | 115 (21.5) |
PhD | 3 (1.7) | 8 (2.3) | 11 (2.1) |
Missing | 1 (0.6) | 3 (0.9) | 6 (1.1) |
Employment Status | |||
Employed full-time | 134 (77.0) | 196 (55.5) | 336 (62.7) |
(≥ 35 h a week) | |||
Employed part-time | 11 (6.3) | 66 (18.7) | 79 (14.9) |
(≤ 20 h a week) | |||
Unemployed | 6 (3.5) | 53 (15.0) | 59 (11.0) |
Student | 21 (12.1) | 36 (10.2) | 57 (10.6) |
Retired | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) |
Missing | 1 (0.6) | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.6) |
Partner not living in the UK | 6 (3.5) | 1 (0.3) | 7 (1.3) |
Length of stay in the UK (in months) | |||
< 3 | 29 (16.7) | 55 (15.6) | 82 (15.3) |
≥ 3 < 12 | 55 (31.6) | 109 (30.9) | 166 (31.0) |
≥ 12 < 24 | 43 (24.7) | 86 (24.4) | 129 (24.1) |
≥ 24 | 47 (27.0) | 103 (29.2) | 153 (28.5) |
Missing | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.1) |
Median (range) | Median (range) | Median (range) | |
Age | 30.5 (18–64) | 31 (18–62) | 31 (18–64) |
Number of children | 1 (0–5) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–5) |
Mental health and help-seeking outcomes
Total (N = 536) | Men (n = 174) | Women (n = 353) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p for difference |
GHQ (Cases)a | 313 (58.4) | 97 (55.8) | 216 (61.2) | 0.21 |
GHSQ (Past) | 84 (15.7) | 22 (12.6) | 62 (17.6) | 0.26 |
Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | p-value | |
GHSQ (Intentions) | 10.00 (8.00) | 10.00 (9.00) | 11.00 (8.00) | 0.57 |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | |
SSOSH | 24.65 (6.39) | 26.11 (6.41) | 23.93 (6.26) | < 0.001 |
MSPSS | 42.33 (10.71) | 40.90 (10.82) | 43.04 (10.56) | 0.03 |
EAAMb | 22.22 (8.37) | 23.68 (7.97) | 21.50 (8.46) | 0.05 |
English language proficiency | 15.32 (3.88) | 14.96 (3.86) | 15.50 (3.88) | 0.14 |
Knowledge of NHS | 4.21 (1.79) | 3.96 (1.66) | 4.34 (1.85) | 0.02 |
Predictors of future intentions of mental health help-seeking
Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β | 95% Cl | p-value | Β | 95% Cl | p-value | |
Constant | 10.19 | 7.01 to 13.38 | 0.001 | |||
Predisposing variables | ||||||
Age | 0.15 | 0.09 to 0.21 | 0.001 | 0.09 | 0.04 to 0.15 | 0.001 |
Gender | ||||||
Female (reference category) | ||||||
Male | −0.34 | −1.49 to - 0.82 | 0.57 | 0.34 | −0.70 to 1.38 | 0.52 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single, never married (reference category) | ||||||
In a relationship | −1.05 | −2.46 to 0.35 | 0.14 | −1.38 | −5.76 to 3.01 | 0.54 |
Married | 0.12 | −1.34 to 1.57 | 0.87 | −1.30 | −5.68 to 3.09 | 0.56 |
Divorced/widowed | 3.02 | 1.04 to 5.00 | 0.003 | −0.02 | −1.93 to 1.89 | 0.99 |
Length of stay in the UK (in months) | ||||||
< 3 (reference category) | ||||||
≥ 3 < 12 | −0.46 | −2.14 to 1.23 | 0.59 | −0.62 | −2.09 to 0.85 | 0.41 |
≥ 12 < 24 | 0.71 | −1.05 to 2.47 | 0.43 | −0.51 | −2.09 to 1.07 | 0.53 |
≥ 24 | −0.24 | −1.94 to 1.47 | 0.79 | −1.29 | −2.89 to 0.32 | 0.12 |
Children in the UK | ||||||
Yes (reference category) | ||||||
No/Not all | 0.53 | −1.28 to 2.34 | 0.57 | −0.37 | −1.58 to .85 | 0.55 |
Not applicable | −1.67 | −2.84 to −0.50 | 0.005 | −0.16 | −1.88 to 1.56 | 0.86 |
Partner present in the UK | ||||||
Yes (reference category) | ||||||
No/Not applicable | 1.43 | 0.30 to 2.55 | 0.013 | 1.17 | 0.19 to 2.16 | 0.02 |
Help-seeking self-stigma | −0.20 | −0.28 to − 0.12 | 0.001 | − 0.19 | −0.27 to − 0.11 | < 0.001 |
Enabling variables | ||||||
Education | ||||||
Nursery schools to 8th grade/college (reference category) | ||||||
Graduate/postgraduate | −1.76 | −2.85 to −0.67 | 0.002 | −1.25 | − 2.24 to − 0.25 | 0.01 |
Job Status | ||||||
Employed part-time (reference category) | ||||||
Employed full-time | −1.24 | −2.79 to .31 | 0.12 | −0.51 | −1.88 to 0.85 | 0.46 |
Unemployed | −0.55 | −2.68 to 1.59 | 0.62 | −1.36 | −3.25 to 0.54 | 0.16 |
Retired | 5.62 | −3.75 to 14.98 | 0.24 | 5.36 | −4.03 to 14.74 | 0.26 |
Student | −2.81 | −4.96 to −0.65 | 0.01 | −1.08 | − 3.07 to 0.90 | 0.29 |
Past help-seeking behaviours | ||||||
No (reference category) | ||||||
Yes | 4.14 | 2.72 to 5.57 | 0.001 | 2.13 | 0.73 to 3.52 | 0.003 |
Knowledge of NHS | 0.12 | −0.19 to 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.03 to 0.62 | 0.03 |
English proficiency | −0.30 | −0.44 to − 0.16 | 0.001 | −0.14 | − 0.30 to 0.02 | 0.08 |
Acculturation | 0.04 | −0.02 to 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.02 | −0.04 to 0.08 | 0.51 |
Perceived Social Support | −0.14 | −0.19 to − 0.09 | 0.001 | −0.01 | − 0.07 to 0.04 | 0.60 |
Need variable | ||||||
Mental health status | 0.54 | 0.43 to 0.65 | 0.001 | 0.54 | 0.42 to 0.65 | < 0.001 |
Predictors of past help-seeking behaviours
Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% Cl | p-value | OR | 95% Cl | p-value | |
Constant | 0.08 | 0.004 to 1.57 | 0.1 | |||
Predisposing variables | ||||||
Age | 1.04 | 1.01 to 1.06 | 0.006 | 1.07 | 1.02 to 1.11 | 0.003 |
Gender | ||||||
Female (reference category) | ||||||
Male | 0.68 | 0.40 to 1.16 | 0.16 | 0.81 | 0.42 to 1.55 | 0.52 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single, never married (reference category) | ||||||
In a relationship | 1.17 | 0.59 to 2.31 | 0.66 | 1.47 | 0.65 to 3.35 | 0.35 |
Married | 1.75 | 0.90 to 3.41 | 0.10 | 2.11 | 0.85 to 5.24 | 0.11 |
Divorced/widowed | 2.49 | 1.10 to 5.64 | 0.03 | 2.87 | 0.95 to 8.65 | 0.06 |
Length of stay in the UK (in months) | ||||||
< 3 (reference category) | ||||||
≥ 3 < 12 | 1.91 | 0.61 to 5.94 | 0.27 | 1.69 | 0.49 to 5.82 | 0.40 |
≥ 12 < 24 | 4.10 | 1.36 to 12.35 | 0.01 | 3.00 | 0.91 to 9.94 | 0.07 |
≥ 24 | 6.59 | 2.27 to 19.13 | 0.001 | 4.90 | 1.52 to 15.80 | 0.008 |
Children in the UK | ||||||
Yes (reference category) | ||||||
No/Not all | 0.40 | 0.14 to 1.15 | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.06 to 0.78 | 0.02 |
Not applicable | 1.12 | 0.69 to 1.84 | 0.65 | 2.58 | 1.33 to 5.03 | 0.005 |
Partner present in the UK | ||||||
Yes (reference category) | ||||||
No/Not applicable | 0.99 | 0.61 to 1.60 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.51 to 1.71 | 0.81 |
Help-seeking self-stigma | 0.87 | 0.83 to 0.91 | 0.001 | 0.85 | 0.81 to 0.90 | < 0.001 |
Enabling variables | ||||||
Education | ||||||
Nursery schools to 8th grade/college (reference category) | ||||||
Graduate/postgraduate | 1.22 | 0.72 to 2.09 | 0.46 | 0.89 | 0.47 to 1.71 | 0.74 |
Job Status | ||||||
Employed part-time (reference category) | ||||||
Employed full-time | 0.93 | 0.66 to 1.30 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.36 to 1.69 | 0.53 |
Unemployed | 0.70 | 0.52 to 3.03 | 0.48 | 0.68 | 0.21 to 2.15 | 0.51 |
Retiredb | ||||||
Student | 1.26 | 0.53 to 3.10 | 0.61 | 0.76 | 0.24 to 2.38 | 0.64 |
Knowledge of NHS | 1.45 | 1.31 to 1.62 | < 0.001 | 1.41 | 1.20 to 1.66 | < 0.001 |
English proficiency | 1.06 | 1.02 to 1.09 | 0.09 | 0.97 | 0.88 to 1.07 | 0.58 |
Acculturation | 0.96 | 0.93 to 0.99 | 0.003 | 0.98 | 0.94 to 1.01 | 0.22 |
Perceived Social Support | 0.98 | 0.96 to 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.94 to 1.00 | 0.04 |
Need variable | ||||||
Mental health status | 1.05 | 1.00 to 1.11 | 0.07 | 1.11 | 1.04 to 1.20 | 0.004 |