Background
Methods
Participants and procedure
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics | Frequency (percent) |
---|---|
Sex | |
• Female | 561 (69.9) |
• Male | 242 (30.1) |
Age (years) | |
• 60–64 | 260 (32.4) |
• 65–74 | 358 (44.6) |
• 75 and more | 184 (23.0) |
Education level | |
• Primary school | 498 (62.0) |
• High school | 192 (23.9) |
• Bachelor and higher | 113 (14.1) |
Living status | |
• Alone | 294 (36.6) |
• With others | 509 (63.4) |
Monthly income (USD; 1 USD = 32.76 Baht) | |
• < 152.62 | 480 (59.8) |
• 152.62–305.25 | 112 (13.9) |
• > 305.25 | 211 (26.3) |
Health care privilege | |
• Self or private | 132 (16.4) |
• Civil or state | 491 (61.1) |
• Universal coverage or social welfare | 180 (22.4) |
Depression | |
• Yes | 190 (23.7) |
• No | 613 (76.3) |
Hypertension | |
• Yes | 205 (25.5) |
• No | 598 (74.5) |
Diabetes mellitus | |
• Yes | 53 (6.6) |
• No | 750 (93.4) |
Dyslipidemia | |
• Yes | 61 (7.6) |
• No | 742 (92.4) |
Anxiety disorder | |
• Yes | 51 (6.4) |
• No | 752 (93.6) |
Neuroticism | |
• Low | 216 (26.9) |
• High | 587 (73.1) |
Number of medications/ diseases | Number (%) of participants by number of medications | Number (%) of participants by number of diseases |
---|---|---|
0 | 32 (4.0) | 0 |
1 | 58 (7.2) | 349 (45.4) |
2 | 143 (17.8) | 201 (26.1) |
3 | 149 (18.6) | 104 (13.5) |
4 | 104 (13.0) | 50 (6.5) |
5 | 87 (10.8) | 34 (4.4) |
6 | 66 (8.2) | 22 (2.9) |
7 | 47 (5.9) | 5 (0.7) |
8 | 28 (3.5) | 2 (0.3) |
9 | 29 (3.6) | 1 (0.1) |
10 | 17 (2.1) | 0 |
More than 10 | 43 (5.4) | 1 (0.1) |
General characteristics and diseases | Percent of drugs used by group | χ2 (df) | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1–2 drugs | 3–5 drugs | 6 drugs or more | |||
• Depressive disorder | 15.5 | 26.2 | 28.3 | 11.50(2) | 0.002 |
• Anxiety disorder | 3.9 | 43.1 | 52.9 | 23.05(2) | < 0.001 |
• Hypertension | 4.3 | 27.6 | 43.9 | 96.96(2) | < 0.001 |
• Diabetes mellitus | 1.3 | 4.1 | 15.7 | 44.64(2) | < 0.001 |
• Dyslipidemia | 7.7 | 9.1 | 5.2 | 2.98(2) | 0.225 |
Health care privilege | 24.14(4) | < 0.001 | |||
• Self or private | 21.9 | 18.3 | 7.9 | ||
• Civil or state | 15.5 | 25.0 | 20.7 | ||
• Universal coverage or social welfare | 24.9 | 22.7 | 19.7 | ||
Education | 5.43(4) | 0.246 | |||
• Less than primary school | 77.6 | 70.2 | 69.8 | ||
• High school | 10.2 | 14.0 | 11.5 | ||
• Bachelor and higher | 12.2 | 15.8 | 18.8 | ||
Monthly income (USD; 1 USD = 32.76 Baht) | 9.28(4) | 0.054 | |||
• < 152.62 | 56.9 | 63.0 | 56.9 | ||
• 152.62–305.25 | 19.0 | 11.4 | 12.4 | ||
• > 305.25 | 24.1 | 25.6 | 30.7 | ||
Age group (years) | 3.38(4) | 0.497 | |||
• 60–64 | 33.5 | 31.2 | 33.2 | ||
• 65–74 | 44.2 | 47.6 | 40.6 | ||
• More than 74 | 22.3 | 21.2 | 26.2 | ||
Living with spouse status | 13.11(2) | 0.001 | |||
• Alone | 28.3 | 36.8 | 44.5 | ||
• With others | 71.7 | 63.2 | 55.5 | ||
Number of diseases (Mean ± SD) | 1.13 ± .34 | 1.77 ± .82 | 3.54 ± 1.72 | 290.89a(2) | < .001 |
Neuroticism score | 40.83 ± 11.37 | 43.57 ± 12.72 | 45.90 ± 13.53 | 8.94(2) | < 0.001 |
Variables | Adjusted | 95% Confidence Interval | Adjusted p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio | Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||
Age | 0.992 | 0.973 | 1.012 | 0.432 |
Gender | 0.932 | 0.701 | 1.241 | 0.631 |
Education | 1.170 | 0.941 | 1.454 | 0.157 |
Income | 0.938 | 0.779 | 1.13 | 0.501 |
Health care privilege | 1.028 | 0.936 | 1.129 | 0.558 |
Hypertension | 1.985 | 1.420 | 2.775 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1.864 | 1.122 | 3.098 | 0.016 |
Dyslipidemia | 0.511 | 0.325 | 0.803 | 0.004 |
Depressive disorder | 1.470 | 1.080 | 2.001 | 0.014 |
Anxiety disorder | 4.402 | 2.630 | 7.367 | < 0.001 |
Neuroticism | 1.127 | 0.344 | 1.393 | 0.410 |
Number of diseases | 2.140 | 1.874 | 2.445 | < 0.001 |