Background
Methods
Participants
Measures
Life event questionnaire
Social support questionnaire
Aggression score
Maternal bonding score
Mellow Parenting Observation System (MPOS)
Procedure
Mellow parenting observational system
Reliability
Variable selection
Summary statistics for predictor* | Associations with rate of negative interactions | Associations with rate of positive interactions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Child Gender | Female | 49 (30.6%) | - | - |
Male | 111 (69.4%) | 1.71 (0.81, 3.62), p = 0.160 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06), p = 0.202 | |
Mother Age at birth (for 1 year increase) | 29.5 (4.5) |
0.90 (0.83, 0.97), p = 0.004
|
1.02 (1.00, 1.04), p = 0.033
| |
Parity (per unit increase) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.36), p = 0.550 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08), p = 0.584 | |
Maternal depression at 32-40 weeks (per unit increase) | 6.9 (5.0) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08), p = 0.812 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03), p = 0.118 | |
Postnatal depression at 8 months (per unit increase) | 5.6 (5.0) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10), p = 0.354 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02), p = 0.478 | |
Maternal anxiety at 32-40 weeks (per unit increase) | 4.7 (3.4) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14), p = 0.630 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04), p = 0.153 | |
Postnatal anxiety at 8 months (per unit increase) | 3.8 (3.9) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.10), p = 0.934 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04), p = 0.172 | |
Infant breast fed | No | 24 (15.1%) | - | - |
Yes | 135 (84.9%) | 1.26 (0.47, 3.36), p = 0.649 | 1.19 (0.94, 1.51), p = 0.150 | |
Marital status | Never married | 22 (13.8%) | - | - |
1st marriage | 123 (77.4%) | 1.09 (0.40, 2.97), p = 0.873 | 1.27 (1.00, 1.63), p = 0.054 | |
2nd/3rd marriage | 9 (5.7%) | 1.03 (0.18, 5.82), p = 0.970 | 1.25 (0.82, 1.90), p = 0.292 | |
Divorced | 5 (3.1%) | 0.66 (0.07, 6.16), p = 0.718 | 1.34 (0.80, 2.24), p = 0.264 | |
Father in household | No | 14 (9.2%) | - | - |
Yes | 139 (90.8%) | 0.50 (0.15, 1.63), p = 0.251 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.62), p = 0.225 | |
Maternal education levels | Vocational/CSE/GCSE | 89 (56.0%) | - | - |
A level/Degree | 70 (44.0%) | 1.02 (0.51, 2.04), p = 0.958 |
1.32 (1.12, 1.55), p = 0.001
| |
Anyone with chronic illness in household | No | 133 (88.7%) | - | - |
Yes | 17 (11.3%) | 1.11 (0.36, 3.42), p = 0.861 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16), p = 0.389 | |
Smoked during first trimester | No | 128 (81.0%) | - | - |
Yes | 30 (19.0%) | 0.64 (0.26, 1.58), p = 0.331 | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13), p = 0.384 | |
Alcohol during first trimester (glasses of alcohol per week) | < 1 | 129 (81.6%) | - | - |
≥ 1 | 29 (18.4%) | 1.04 (0.43, 2.52), p = 0.929 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29), p = 0.737 | |
Partner physically hurt mother at 18 weeks gestation | No | 143 (93.5%) | - | - |
Yes | 10 (6.5%) | 1.29 (0.32, 5.17), p = 0.718 | 1.03 (0.72, 1.46), p = 0.880 | |
Partner physically hurt mother postnatally | No | 152 (95.0%) | - | - |
Yes | 8 (5.0%) | 0.34 (0.06, 1.97), p = 0.230 | 1.01 (0.69, 1.47), p = 0.962 | |
Social support score (per unit increase) | 20.1 (4.8) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01), p = 0.072 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03), p = 0.335 | |
Life event score 18-23 weeks (per unit increase) | 8.6 (6.5) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08), p = 0.417 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01), p = 0.716 | |
Maternal bonding score (per unit increase) | 28.0 (4.0) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07), p = 0.723 |
0.98 (0.96, 1.00), p = 0.024
| |
Aggression score (per unit increase) | 10.2 (1.8) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.17), p = 0.655 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08), p = 0.300 |
Statistical methods
Regression analysis
Caseness
Results
Total positive interaction counts | 20.65 (12.30) |
Total positive interaction rate (counts/min) | 6.22 (3.30) |
Total negative interaction counts | 1.13 (2.22) |
Total negative interaction rate (counts/min) | 0.37 (0.77) |
Video duration (seconds) | 210.91 (86.19) |
Effect estimate (95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|
Negative interactions (N = 153)
| ||
Mother age at birth (years) |
0.90 (0.83, 0.97)
|
0.007
|
Male child gender |
2.19 (1.03, 4.66)
|
0.041
|
Social support score |
0.92 (0.85, 0.98)
|
0.013
|
Smoked during first trimester |
0.30 (0.11, 0.78)
|
0.014
|
Positive interactions (N = 154)
| ||
Mother age at birth (years) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.061 |
Maternal education level: A level or Degree (vs. Vocational/CSE/GCSE) |
1.29 (1.09, 1.53)
|
0.003
|
Maternal anxiety at 32-40 weeks | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.051 |