Background
Aging is progressing worldwide, resulting in a growing elderly population that creates an unavoidable challenge for most developing and developed countries [
1‐
3]. Japan, the most rapidly aging country, has a 26.7% aging rate, and the number of individuals who need Long-Term Care (LTC) increased 1.5 times over the past 10 years. This number will greatly increase from around 2025, as individuals born during the baby boom from 1947–49, reach the age ≥ 75 years [
4]. The growth of the care-needs population from 2025 and beyond will have an unprecedented impact on the Japanese LTC system.
LTC has typically been provided to the elderly of Japan in hospitals. However, to contain medical costs, the government changed the care location from hospital to the home or an aged care facility, with the introduction of the LTC Insurance system in 2000. The ultimate goal of the Japanese government is to increase the proportion of individuals who receive care service at home in proportion to the increasing number who need care. This has financial benefits. Home care services incur lower LTC Insurance costs than institutional care services. Hence, an increase in homecare service users would enhance insurance sustainability [
5]. Conversely, an increase in institutional care use would threaten it. To promote home care service usage, the government implemented policies such as increasing the number of home care agencies and of homecare staff. In addition, the government implemented preventive care approaches for middle-aged and older residents, such as activities for health promotion or programs providing opportunities to motivate participation in community life, to promote home care [
6,
7].
However, the demand for LTC services is not consistent with the aim of these policies. Although the number of institutional care services users is 900,000 and the proportion is about 20% of all LTC Insured persons, there were another 524,000 people who were waiting for admission to nursing homes in 2014 [
8]. The number of people has increased from 421,000 people in 2011, while the number of nursing homes is also increasing. This data indicates demand for facility care is increasing, although the government is promoting homecare. Insurers of LTC, that is, municipalities, need to identify predictors of preferred location of care in current middle-aged individuals (e.g. a facility or home). The findings would clarify what makes people prefer institutional care, and what prevents it, and enhance the sustainability of LTC insurance from 2025 and beyond.
Several studies have focused on predictors of preferred care location [
9‐
11]; however, few studies have contributed to promoting home care usage from 2025. A cross-sectional study analysed the predictors in community-dwelling individuals, including middle-aged adults (aged 40–79) [
10]. The results showed that younger age, female sex, having concerns about home care (e.g. being unable to adequately respond to sudden changes, and a heavy family burden) were associated with a preference for non-home care. Another study explored the predictors of middle-aged individuals’ (aged 40–64) preferred aging location (home or another location) within the context of the following scenarios: subjects become bedridden or have a disability that renders them unable to walk outside alone, without being limited to a certain disease [
11]. This study reported that female sex, living alone/with only one family member, and having fewer community associations were associated with a preference for a location other than the home, in both scenarios. These results suggest that policies to reduce the burden of family caregiving or empower community relationships would be helpful to encourage home care services. However, the first study included subjects who were already elderly, and the second study had a low response rate (24.6%), and included subjects who preferred a relative’s house in the non-home group, although insured persons who lived in a relative’s house would also receive home care services.
Therefore, we completed an investigation of preferred location of care among middle-aged individuals in a municipality with the objective of exploring predictors of preferred location of care. The present findings can also provide useful information to other municipalities in Japan, as well as to other aging countries that utilize a LTC Insurance System.
Discussion
The present study obtained the percentage of people who preferred the home or a facility as the location of care, and identified predictors of preferred location of care in middle-aged individuals. Although the percentage of preference for institutional care was similar to previous findings in another country (the present study: 36.5%, the previous study in the US: 35.0% [
17]), the Japanese government needs to make further efforts to promote homecare, because younger age was associated with preference for institutional care. It is difficult to determine whether the association is due to a generation effect or an aging effect. However, considering the increased demand for institutional care, many of the current younger generation may select institutional care when they need LTC. Further examination of these findings will be necessary to aid in policy discussions that encourage the selection of receiving home care service, for those who want it, resulting in enhanced sustainability of LTC insurance.
Our study clarified that there was an association of ‘experience with caring for family’ with preference for institutional care. This finding indicates experience of caring makes middle-aged people prefer non-home care. The background to this may reflect certain characteristics of middle-aged caregivers. About 60% of middle-aged caregivers are daughters-in-law and daughters [
16]. A previous study investigated about 3,500 Japanese people’s care burden using the eight-item short version of the Zarit Burden Interview (J-ZBI_8) [
18], and the study reported that daughters-in-law and daughters had a heavier care burden than others (standardized score: 14, 13 respectively; the score exceeds the cut-off point of depression) [
19]. In Japan, family care for the elderly has typically been the responsibility of women such as daughters-in-law or daughters. Cultural characteristics may make their burden too heavy. Another previous study found that family caregivers who have a job had a heavier care burden than those who are unemployed [
20]. These people also account for about 60% of middle-aged caregivers [
21]. These facts suggest that middle-aged caregivers have a heavy care burden. The circumstances may make middle-aged caregivers reluctant to become a burden on their family in the future.
To support the selection of receiving home care service, municipalities should reduce the caregiver burden of currently middle-aged individuals. This effort will make the experience with family care more positive. One study reported that the self-reported health of caregivers has not changed since LTC Insurance was introduced, even though reducing family care burden was one of its purposes [
22]. Although the LTC Insurance system provides home care services that support elderly people who need care, family caregivers cannot receive any services [
15]. Municipalities may have to provide not only home care services covered by the LTC insurance, but also additional care services for caregivers, such as health checks, mental health support, education for alleviation of care burden, supporting domestic tasks other than care [
23], etc.
People having ‘multiple information sources about social services or municipality policy’ were more likely to prefer home care. Considering the association between concerns about home care (e.g. being unable to adequately respond to sudden changes) and non-home preference [
10], increasing the number of information sources and subsequent knowledge of social services may alleviate concerns and support the selection of receiving home care service for those who want it. To realize this, the provision of care service information from multiple sources will also be necessary.
There was no association between self-reported health or effort to promote health, and preference for care location. These may not be factors in the preferences of middle-aged residents, because about 90% of the participants answered with ‘good health’ or ‘make an effort’. This suggests that health promotion policies cannot affect the preferences of middle-aged residents. However, these factors may be associated with homecare service use in the future, because a previous study clarified that self-reported good health is associated with homecare preference in the old-aged generation [
9]. In addition, another study clarified that declining physical function will be factor in aged care facility admission [
24]. Thus, health promotion policies will contribute to promoting homecare.
Additionally, more than 90% of participants had ‘motivation in life’, and it was not associated with preference of care location. A previous study found motivation in life had positive effects on physical function [
25]. Considering the findings, policies to support people in finding motivation in life may also contribute to promoting homecare service usage in the future. The present study found that certain types of motivation in life were specifically associated with preference. As insurers cannot make residents to have the specific motivation, discussion focusing on personal characteristics of individuals who have these motivations in life is provided below.
First, ‘go to culture lessons/study to satisfy interests’ was associated with facility preference. A previous survey reported that middle-aged individuals willing to participate in social activities (such as going to culture lessons) tend to have no economic concerns, and wished to avoid becoming isolated elderly people [
26]. These characteristics may enable middle-aged individuals’ preferences for institutional care. Second, ‘spending time happily with family’ was associated with home preference. A previous study focusing on preferences of elderly individuals [
9] reported that ‘living with family’ was associated with a preference for home. The present study conducted a multivariate analysis that included ‘household size’, ‘number of family members’, and ‘spending time happily with family’. However, an association was observed only for the latter. This might be because most of the sample lived with spouse or others in this study. Alternatively, thinking that relationship with one’s family is good or having the prospect of living with them might have a stronger effect on preference than household size.
The present findings may prove useful for other municipalities in Japan, as well as for other countries, that will soon be facing similar situations with an aging population and the introduction of a LTC insurance system that requires the promotion of home care services.
Some limitations of the present study should be acknowledged. First, a major limitation of the present study was that it was conducted in only one Japanese municipality where the elderly population percentage was lower than the national average. This may have diminished the perception of respondents concerning care burden or concerns about receiving LTC. In a municipality in which aging is advancing more rapidly than Tsukuba city, the association of experience with caring for family or information sources of social services may be more pronounced. This means the actual percentage of preference for a facility is higher than the present result. If that is it, the municipality will need to make further efforts to encourage the selection of receiving home care services. Second, the response rate of the present study was low (45.3%). Considering that it may have been easier for individuals who already have a preferred care location to respond to this survey, the actual percentage of people who are ‘unsure’ of their preferred care location may be higher than the present results indicate. This means that the percentage of preferences might shift as these individuals make their decisions. The present findings only represent the future perceived wants of middle-aged individuals, and the percentage will be also affected by changes of preference as these individuals age. Considering these limitations, further studies that can observe shifts in preferences for location of care of the current middle-aged generation will be needed. Next, although the present study asked about preferred care location within the context of subjects’ LTC needs, level of disability was not assessed. Further research that provides multiple assessments of subjects with mild to heavy disabilities will be needed. Such research would clarify the needs of middle-aged people more clearly. Finally, since the design was cross-sectional, causality cannot be inferred from our results.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all of the participants and Tsukuba municipality for their cooperation for this study. We are also grateful to our reviewers who provided us with invaluable suggestions for improvement.