Introduction
Materials and methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Category | Value |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.9 ± 9.5 | |
Sex (%) | Female | 45.1 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 9.6 ± 7.1 | |
HbA1c (% points) | 8.3 ± 1.4 (67 ± 15.3 mmol/mol) | |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 171.8 ± 52.2 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 35.6 ± 5.9 | |
Presence of diabetes complications (%) | ||
Coronary heart disease | No | 86.9 |
Yes | 13.1 | |
Stroke | No | 98.1 |
Yes | 1.9 | |
Peripheral vascular disease | No | 93.3 |
Yes | 6.7 | |
Diabetic retinopathy | No | 81.5 |
Yes | 18.5 | |
Sensory-motor neuropathy | No | 86.5 |
Yes | 13.5 | |
Baseline treatment (%) | Metformin | 46.6 |
Other monotherapy | 7.6 | |
Metformin + SU | 26.5 | |
Other dual | 8.6 | |
≥3 OADs | 3.7 | |
Insulin ± OADs | 7 | |
Liraglutide treatment modality (%) | Switch | 33.4 |
Add-on | 63.2 | |
Reduce | 3.4 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.3 ± 18.1 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 81.3 ± 10.0 | |
Hypertension (≥ 140/90 mmHg) (%) | No | 39.8 |
Yes | 60.2 | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 180.8 ± 39.8 | |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45.0 ± 10.9 | |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.9 ± 35.3 | |
Dyslipidaemia (%) | No | 34.4 |
Yes | 65.6 | |
eGFR (%) | ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.1 |
> 30– < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 11.4 | |
≥ 60– < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 43.1 | |
≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 45.4 |
Logistic regression analysis
Variable | Category | Univariate logistic regression | Multivariate logistic regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI)b | p-value | ||
Age | N/A | 1.00 (0.99; 1.01) | 0.9689 | 1.02 (1.00; 1.04) | 0.02 |
Diabetes duration (years, continuous) | N/A | 0.98 (0.97; 1.00) | 0.04 | 0.97 (0.94; 0.99) | 0.007 |
HbA1c (continuous) | N/A | 2.78 (2.43; 3.18) | < 0.0001 | 3.52 (2.90; 4.27) | < 0.0001 |
BMI kg/m2 (continuous) | N/A | 1.00 (0.98; 1.02) | 0.7207 | 1.01 (0.98; 1.03) | 0.61 |
Baseline treatment | Metformin | 1.00c | 1.00c | N/A | |
Other monotherapy | 1.17 (0.76; 1.80) | 0.4651 | 0.91 (0.52; 1.59) | 0.75 | |
Metformin + SU | 1.01 (0.77; 1.32) | 0.9528 | 0.50 (0.34; 0.72) | 0.0002 | |
Other dual | 1.01 (0.67; 1.52) | 0.9615 | 0.59 (0.34; 1.02) | 0.06 | |
≥ 3 OADs | 1.12 (0.62; 2.02) | 0.7025 | 0.41 (0.19; 0.88) | 0.02 | |
Insulin ± OADs | 1.00 (0.63; 1.58) | 0.9963 | 0.44 (0.23; 0.85) | 0.02 | |
Liraglutide dose | 1.8 | 1.00c | 1.00c | N/A | |
1.2 | 1.43 (1.12; 1.82) | 0.0037 | 1.91 (1.40; 2.61) | < 0.0001 | |
Liraglutide treatment modality | Switch | 1.00c | 1.00c | N/A | |
Add-on | 1.74 (1.38; 2.20) | < 0.0001 | 1.86 (1.38; 2.51) | < 0.0001 | |
Reduce | 0.56 (0.26; 1.21) | 0.1418 | 0.62 (0.24; 1.59) | 0.32 | |
Sex | Female | 1.00c | |||
Male | 1.09 (0.88; 1.35) | 0.4459 | |||
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL, continuous) | N/A | 1.01 (1.01; 1.02) | < 0.0001 | ||
Diabetic retinopathy | No | 1.00c | |||
Yes | 1.17 (0.87; 1.57) | 0.2896 | |||
Sensory-motor neuropathy | No | 1.00c | |||
Yes | 1.10 (0.79; 1.52) | 0.5731 | |||
Coronary heart disease | No | 1.00c | |||
Yes | 0.85 (0.62; 1.18) | 0.3408 | |||
Stroke | No | 1.00c | |||
Yes | 0.82 (0.38; 1.76) | 0.6052 | |||
Peripheral vascular disease | No | 1.00c | |||
Yes | 0.85 (0.55; 1.32) | 0.4702 | |||
Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ≤ 130/80 | 1.00c | |||
131–139/81–89 | 1.25 (0.77; 2.03) | 0.3652 | |||
≥ 140/90 | 1.11 (0.86; 1.44) | 0.4247 | |||
Systolic BP (mm Hg, continuous) | N/A | 1.00 (1.00; 1.01) | 0.5617 | ||
Diastolic BP (mm Hg, continuous) | N/A | 1.02 (1.01; 1.04) | 0.0002 | ||
Hypertension | No | 1.00c | |||
Yes | 0.91 (0.69; 1.19) | 0.4815 | |||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL, continuous) | N/A | 1.00 (1.00; 1.01) | 0.0203 | ||
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL, continuous) | N/A | 1.0 (1.0; 1.0) | 0.1091 | ||
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL, continuous) | N/A | 1.0 (1.0; 1.0) | 0.1566 | ||
Dyslipidaemia | No | 1.00c | |||
Yes | 0.98 (0.77; 1.24) | 0.8573 | |||
eGFR | > 90 | 1.00c | |||
61–90 | 0.97 (0.73; 1.29) | 0.8471 | |||
31–60 | 0.63 (0.39; 1.02) | 0.0603 | |||
0–30 | nc | nc |
RECPAM analysis
RECPAM classification | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1 n = 219 | Class 2 n = 194 | Class 3 n = 106 | Class 4 n = 197 | Class 5 n = 306 | p-value | |
Splitting variables | HbA1c > 9.1% [76 mmol/mol] | 8.2% < HbA1c ≥ 9.1% [66 < HbA1c ≥ 76 mmol/mol] | 7.5% < HbA1c ≥ 8.2% [58 < HbA1c ≥ 66 mmol/mol] Diabetes duration ≤ 5 years | 7.5% < HbA1c ≥ 8.2% [58 < HbA1c ≥ 66 mmol/mol] Diabetes duration > 5 years | HbA1c ≤ 7.5% [58 mmol/mol] | |
Unadjusted odds of HbA1c being reduced by ≥ 1.0% | 28.7 (17.8; 46.2) | 8.5 (5.5; 13.1) | 6.3 (3.8; 10.2) | 2.6 (1.7; 4.1) | 1.00a | |
Patient characteristic | ||||||
Baseline HbA1c (%) | 10.2 ± 1.0 [88 ± 10.9 mmol/mol] | 8.7 ± 0.3 [72 ± 3.3 mmol/mol] | 7.9 ± 0.2 [63 ± 2.2 mmol/mol] | 7.9 ± 0.2 [63 ± 2.2 mmol/mol] | 7.0 ± 0.5 [53 ± 5.5 mmol/mol] | < 0.0001 |
Change in HbA1c (%) | − 2.2 ± 1.5 [88 ± 16.4 mmol/mol] | − 1.0 ± 1.1 [88 ± 12.0 mmol/mol] | − 0.9 ± 1.0 [88 ± 10.9 mmol/mol] | − 0.5 ± 0.9 [88 ± 9.8 mmol/mol] | − 0.1 ± 0.8 [88 ± 8.7 mmol/mol] | < 0.0001 |
Baseline FPG (mg/dl) | 223.0 ± 56.7 | 181.5 ± 41.1 | 157.3 ± 28.9 | 159.7 ± 33.2 | 137.5 ± 28.5 | < 0.0001 |
Change in FPG (mg/dl) | − 59.1 ± 63.7 | − 28.9 ± 49.9 | − 20.6 ± 40.3 | − 14.4 ± 35.5 | − 7.1 ± 33.0 | 0.0002 |
Baseline BMI (Kg/m2) | 35.6 ± 5.6 | 35.3 ± 5.6 | 37.2 ± 6.3 | 34.1 ± 5.6 | 35.7 ± 6.2 | < 0.0001 |
Change in BMI (Kg/m2) | − 0.9 ± 2.2 | − 1.6 ± 2.0 | − 1.3 ± 1.9 | − 1.1 ± 1.7 | − 1.3 ± 2.1 | 0.02 |
Baseline weight (Kg) | 101.5 ± 18.5 | 98.3 ± 17.7 | 103.9 ± 19.1 | 93.9 ± 17.4 | 100.2 ± 19.2 | < 0.0001 |
Change in weight (Kg) | − 2.5 ± 6.1 | − 4.3 ± 5.3 | − 3.7 ± 5.2 | − 3.1 ± 4.7 | − 3.7 ± 5.8 | 0.03 |
Age (years) | 57.7 ± 9.4 | 60.7 ± 8.0 | 56.0 ± 9.1 | 61.2 ± 9.3 | 59.2 ± 8.9 | < 0.0001 |
Sex (% male) | 57.5 | 55.2 | 48.1 | 52.3 | 56.9 | 0.46 |
Duration diabetes (years) | 10.2 ± 6.9 | 11.2 ± 7.3 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 12.1 ± 6.3 | 9.1 ± 6.8 | < 0.0001 |
Baseline treatment (%) | < 0.0001 | |||||
Metformin only | 34.7 | 34 | 71.7 | 38.6 | 60.8 | |
Other monotherapy | 7.3 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 7.2 | |
Metformin + SU | 35.6 | 35.6 | 13.2 | 31.5 | 14.4 | |
Other dual therapies | 7.3 | 11.3 | 3.8 | 7.6 | 10.1 | |
≥ 3 OADs | 5.5 | 4.1 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 2.6 | |
Insulin ± OADs | 9.6 | 7.2 | 0.9 | 8.1 | 4.9 | |
Treatment modality (%) | 0.34 | |||||
Switch | 31.5 | 37.6 | 34.0 | 36.5 | 38.2 | |
Add-on | 67.1 | 59.8 | 65.1 | 61.4 | 57.8 | |
Reduction | 1.4 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 3.9 | |
Liraglutide dosage (%) | 0.0007 | |||||
0.6 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 5.1 | 7.8 | |
1.2 | 55.3 | 50.5 | 65.1 | 58.9 | 66.7 | |
1.8 | 40.6 | 44.8 | 29.2 | 36.0 | 25.5 | |
Baseline SBP (mmHg) | 142.0 ± 18.4 | 140.3 ± 16.6 | 138.0 ± 17.9 | 140.3 ± 18.7 | 137.4 ± 16.8 | 0.09 |
Change in SBP (mmHg) | − 4.2 ± 18.5 | − 2.6 ± 16.7 | − 4.4 ± 16.0 | − 6.3 ± 19.2 | − 5.4 ± 17.6 | 0.57 |
Baseline DBP (mmHg) | 83.5 ± 10.6 | 81.2 ± 9.4 | 81.7 ± 10.1 | 81.0 ± 9.6 | 80.0 ± 10.0 | 0.02 |
Change in DBP (mmHg) | − 1.8 ± 11.2 | − 0.6 ± 9.6 | − 1.0 ± 10.6 | − 2.4 ± 11.0 | − 1.7 ± 11.1 | 0.60 |
Baseline total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 187.9 ± 43.6 | 181.5 ± 36.3 | 185.2 ± 38.1 | 175.2 ± 34.9 | 174.8 ± 38.0 | 0.007 |
Change in total cholesterol (mg/dl) | − 16.2 ± 40.1 | − 9.8 ± 32.3 | − 19.9 ± 39.6 | − 7.2 ± 34.7 | − 7.1 ± 31.0 | 0.06 |
Baseline HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 42.9 ± 9.5 | 45.2 ± 11.5 | 43.5 ± 10.9 | 46.5 ± 12.0 | 44.7 ± 10.4 | 0.07 |
Change in HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.6 ± 7.1 | 1.6 ± 8.3 | 1.6 ± 7.5 | 1.8 ± 8.2 | 0.9 ± 7.9 | 0.42 |
Baseline LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 104.2 ± 38.8 | 104.4 ± 30.7 | 108.5 ± 36.2 | 96.9 ± 32.1 | 101.1 ± 32.8 | 0.13 |
Change in LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | − 9.4 ± 35.7 | − 10.8 ± 30.9 | − 20.4 ± 36.2 | − 7.3 ± 31.8 | − 8.7 ± 30.6 | 0.15 |
Baseline triglycerides (mg/dl) | 211.6 ± 120.0 | 169.6 ± 80.1 | 182.9 ± 81.8 | 163.7 ± 77.9 | 150.8 ± 75.6 | <0.0001 |
Change in triglycerides | − 35.4 ± 110.2 | − 7.3 ± 85.8 | − 16.6 ± 82.2 | − 11.4 ± 64.6 | − 0.4 ± 60.8 | 0.002 |
Baseline albuminuria (mg/l) | 73.7 ± 150.3 | 39.0 ± 92.0 | 37.2 ± 55.7 | 40.6 ± 64.9 | 38.0 ± 84.1 | 0.07 |
Change in albuminuria (mg/l) | − 20.0 ± 119.2 | 0.6 ± 58.6 | − 1.2 ± 43.3 | − 15.2 ± 75.6 | − 13.2 ± 89.7 | 0.91 |
Baseline eGFR (%) | 0.16 | |||||
0–60 | 5.5 | 8.2 | 2.8 | 7.6 | 8.2 | |
61–90 | 62.1 | 57.2 | 68.9 | 64.5 | 55.2 | |
> 90 | 32.4 | 34.5 | 28.3 | 27.9 | 36.6 |
Factor | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|
RECPAM classes | ||
Class 1 | 33.69 (18.10–62.74) | < 0.0001 |
Class 2 | 10.33 (6.23–17.12) | < 0.0001 |
Class 3 | 5.72 (3.35–9.76) | < 0.0001 |
Class 2 | 2.89 (1.80–4.65) | < 0.0001 |
Class 5 | 1.00b | |
Baseline treatment | ||
Other monotherapies | 0.93 (0.51–1.69) | 0.81 |
Metformin + sulphonylurea | 0.47 (0.31–0.70) | 0.0002 |
Other dual therapies (metformin + TZD, metformin + glinides, SU + TZD) | 0.73 (0.40–1.31) | 0.29 |
≥ 3 OADs | 0.39 (0.17–0.88) | 0.02 |
Insulin ± OADs | 0.47 (0.24–0.94) | 0.03 |
Metformin only | 1.00b | |
Liraglutide dosage (mg) | ||
0.6 | 1.02 (0.49–2.12) | 0.95 |
1.2 | 2.05 (1.45–2.90) | < 0.0001 |
1.8 | 1.00b | |
Liraglutide treatment modality | ||
Add-on to existing treatment | 1.79 (1.29–2.50) | 0.0005 |
Reduction of no. of drug classes | 0.52 (0.17–1.63) | 0.26 |
Switch from another drug class | 1.00b |