Background
Conceptual framework
Method
Study communities
Sampling technique, data source and study population
Variables and measures
Data analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Characteristic | All | Esan SE | Etsako East |
---|---|---|---|
Number of respondents | 1408 | 701(49.8) | 707(50.2) |
Personal Characteristics | |||
Age | |||
Mean | 30(SD 6.9) | 31.5(SD 6.9) | 28.6(SD 6.7) |
16–19 | 64(4.5) | 21(3.0) | 43(6.1) |
20–24 | 260(18.4) | 87(12.4) | 173(24.5) |
25–29 | 354(25.1) | 167(23.8) | 187(26.4) |
30–34 | 303(21.5) | 175(24.9) | 128(18.1) |
25–39 | 249(17.7) | 131(18.7) | 118(16.7) |
40–47 | 178(12.6) | 120(17.1) | 58(8.2) |
Education | |||
No Education | 206(14.6) | 76(10.8) | 130(18.4) |
Primary | 617(43.8) | 253(36.1) | 364(51.5) |
Secondary | 503(35.6) | 316(45.1) | 186(26.3) |
Higher | 83(5.9) | 56(8.0) | 27(3.8) |
Exposure to media | |||
High exposure | 420(29.8) | 216(30.8) | 204(28.8) |
Moderate exposure | 666(47.3) | 392(55.9) | 274(38.8) |
No exposure | 322(22.9) | 93(13.3) | 229(32.4) |
Religion | |||
Catholic | 369(26.2) | 123(17.5) | 246(34.8) |
Other Christian | 884(62.8) | 551(78.6) | 333(47.2) |
Islam | 145(10.3) | 21(3.0) | 124(17.6) |
Traditionalist | 8(0.6) | 5(0.7) | 3(0.4) |
Other | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 0(0.0) |
Employment | |||
Not working | 287(20.4) | 127(18.1) | 160(22.6) |
Working | 1121(78.6) | 574(81.9) | 547(77.4) |
Marital Status | |||
Married | 926(65.8) | 432(61.6) | 494(69.9) |
Living together | 447(31.7) | 248(35.4) | 199(28.2) |
Widowed | 15(1.1) | 11(1.6) | 4(0.6) |
Divorced | 1(0.1) | 1(0.1) | 0(0.0) |
Separated | 19(1.3) | 9(1.3) | 10(1.4) |
Age at marriage | |||
Mean (SD) | 21.0(3.9) | 21.8(4.2) | 20.2(3.5) |
14–17 | 235(16.7) | 90(12.8) | 145(20.5) |
18–24 | 875(62.1) | 415(59.2) | 460(65.1) |
25–29 | 249(17.7) | 159(22.7) | 90(12.7) |
30–39 | 49(3.5) | 37(5.3) | 12(1.7) |
Partner/Family Characteristics | |||
Partner’s age | |||
Mean(SD) | 39.4(9.2) | 40.2(8.6) | 38.5(9.6) |
18–24 | 36(2.6) | 13(1.9) | 23(3.3) |
25–29 | 142(10.2) | 46(6.7) | 96(13.7) |
30–34 | 235(16.9) | 104(15.1) | 131(18.6) |
35–39 | 255(18.3) | 133(19.3) | 122(17.3) |
40–44 | 283(20.3) | 160(23.2) | 123(17.5) |
45–49 | 239(17.2) | 126(18.3) | 113(16.1) |
50–54 | 125(9.0) | 73(10.6) | 52(7.4) |
55–82 | 78(5.6) | 35(5.1) | 43(6.1) |
Partner’s Education | |||
No Education | 104(7.4) | 62(8.8) | 42(5.9) |
Primary | 348(24.7) | 155(22.1) | 193(27.3) |
Secondary | 737(52.3) | 372(53.1) | 365(51.6) |
Higher | 219(15.6) | 112(16.0) | 107(15.1) |
Spousal education Difference | |||
Both have none | 55(3.9) | 24(3.4) | 31(4.4) |
Husband more | 622(44.2) | 239(34.1) | 383(54.2) |
Wife more | 127(9.0) | 91(13.0) | 36(5.1) |
Same but not none | 604(42.9) | 347(49.5) | 257(36.3) |
Partner’s Employment | |||
Not working | 82(5.8) | 49(7.0) | 33(4.7) |
Working | 1326(94.2) | 652(93.0) | 674(95.3) |
Autonomy | |||
Less | 507(36.0) | 243(34.7) | 264(37.3) |
More | 465(33.0) | 220(31.4) | 245(34.7) |
Much | 436(31.0) | 238(33.9) | 198(28.0) |
Payment for respondent’s health care | |||
Respondent alone | 107 (7.6) | 68(9.7) | 39(5.5) |
Partner alone | 1140(81.0) | 533(76.0) | 607(85.9) |
Respondent & partner | 144(10.2) | 92(13.1) | 52(7.4) |
Other | 17(1.2) | 8(1.1) | 9(1.3) |
Reproductive Characteristics | |||
Number of living children | |||
0–2 | 456(34.1) | 230(33.2) | 226(35.0) |
3–4 | 415(31.0) | 218(31.5) | 197(30.5) |
5+ | 466(34.9) | 244(35.3) | 222(34.4) |
Currently pregnant | |||
Yes | 277(19.7) | 81(11.6) | 196(27.7) |
No | 1120(79.5) | 612(87.3) | 508(71.9) |
Unsure | 11(0.8) | 8(1.10 | 3(0.4) |
Current Pregnancy (n = 277) | |||
Receiving antenatal care (ANC) | |||
Yes | 172(62.1) | 51(63.0) | 121(61.7) |
No | 105(37.9) | 30(37.0) | 75(38.3) |
Place of ANC | |||
Other govt. facility | 11(6.3) | 7(13.7) | 4(3.2) |
PHC | 145(82.9) | 39(76.5) | 106(85.5) |
Private Hospital | 16(9.1) | 4(7.8) | 12(9.7) |
Other | 3(1.7) | 1(2.0) | 2(1.6) |
Most recent birth (n = 1314) | |||
Antenatal carea | |||
Yes | 168(91.8) | 67(90.5) | 101(92.7) |
No | 15(8.2) | 7(9.5) | 8(7.3) |
Place of Antenatal care | |||
PHC | 146 (84.9) | 56 (84.9) | 90 (84.9) |
Other govt. hospital | 14 (8.1) | 5 (7.6) | 9 (8.5) |
Private hospital | 10 (5.8) | 5 (7.6) | 5 (4.7) |
Home | 2 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.9) |
Place of delivery | |||
Other govt. facility | 158(12.0) | 96(13.9) | 62(10.0) |
PHC | 612(46.6) | 365(52.7) | 247(39.8) |
Private Hospital | 218(16.6) | 136(19.6) | 82(13.2) |
At home/other | 326(24.8) | 96(13.8) | 230(37.0) |
Reasons for use and non-use of a PHC facility
Reasons for use
Antenatal care | Delivery care | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reason | All | Esan South East LGA | Etsako East LGA | All | Esan South East LGA | Etsako East LGA |
(n = 533) | (n = 157) | (n = 376) | (n = 2294) | (n = 1303) | (n = 991) | |
Cost not too much | 79(14.8) | 24(15.3) | 55(14.6) | 386(16.8) | 228(17.5) | 158(15.9) |
No charges | 3(0.6) | 2(1.3) | 1(0.3) | 20(0.9) | 16(1.2) | 4(0.4) |
Facility is always open | 43(8.1) | 17(10.8) | 26(6.9) | 236(10.3) | 161(12.4) | 75(7.6) |
Provider are available | 75(14.1) | 24(15.3) | 51(13.6) | 375(16.3) | 220(16.9) | 155(15.6) |
Facility Not far from my house | 145(27.2) | 31(19.7) | 114(30.3) | 465(20.3) | 208(16.0) | 257(25.9) |
Good quality service | 106(19.9) | 37(23.6) | 69(18.4) | 451(19.7) | 259(19.9) | 192(19.4) |
Husband wanted it | 54(10.1) | 11(7.0) | 43(11.4) | 193(8.4) | 96(7.4) | 97(9.8) |
Family wanted it | 7(1.3) | 5(3.2) | 2(0.5) | 63(2.7) | 51(3.9) | 12(1.2) |
Adequate security | 5(0.9) | 5(3.2) | 0(0.0) | 43(1.9) | 37(2.8) | 6(0.6) |
Baby’s health/safety | 7(1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7(1.9) | 14(0.6) | 0(0.0) | 14(1.4) |
No other facility | – | – | – | 10(0.4) | 9(0.7) | 1(0.1) |
a Other | 9(1.7) | 1(0.6) | 8(2.1) | 38(1.7) | 18(1.4) | 20(2.0) |
Test of proportions | p = 0.0000 | p = 0.0070 |
Reasons for non-use
Antenatal care | Delivery care | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reason | All | Esan South East LGA | Etsako East LGA | All | Esan South East LGA | Etsako East LGA |
(n = 97) | (n = 21) | (n = 76) | (n = 532) | (n = 243) | (n = 289) | |
Cost too much | 7(7.2) | 0(0.0) | 7(9.2) | 48(9.0) | 14(5.8) | 34(11.8) |
Facility not open | 12(12.3) | 0(0.0) | 11(14.5) | 46(8.6) | 4(1.6) | 42(14.5) |
No provider in the Facility | 17(17.5) | 3(14.3) | 14(18.4) | 64(12.0) | 26(10.7) | 38(13.1) |
Facility too far | 8(8.2) | 2(9.5) | 6(7.9) | 62(11.7) | 33(13.6) | 29(10.0) |
No transport to Facility | 5(5.2) | 0(0.0) | 5(6.6) | 21(3.9) | 8(3.3) | 13(4.5) |
Poor quality service | 17(17.5) | 10(47.6) | 7(9.2) | 104(19.5) | 67(27.6) | 37(12.8) |
Husband did not allow | 10(10.3) | 3(14.3) | 7(9.2) | 27(5.1) | 10(4.1) | 17(5.9) |
Family did not allow | 4(4.1) | 2(9.5) | 2(2.6) | 9(1.7) | 5(2.1) | 4(1.4) |
No time because baby came suddenly | – | – | – | 33(6.3) | 13(5.3) | 20(6.9) |
My culture forbids | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 5(0.9) | 0(0.0) | 5(1.7) |
No Security | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 2(0.4) | 1(0.4) | 1(0.3) |
No PHC facility | 4(4.1) | 0(0.0) | 4(5.3) | 20(3.8) | 1(0.4) | 19(6.6) |
Prefer home delivery/TBA | 2(2.1) | 0(0.0) | 2(2.6) | – | – | – |
Choice | – | – | – | 5(0.9) | 5(2.1) | 0(0.0) |
Had complications | – | – | – | 2(0.4) | 2(0.8) | 0(0.0) |
Dislike PHC | – | – | – | 8(1.5) | 4(1.6) | 4(1.4) |
Referred | – | – | – | 5(0.9) | 5(2.1) | 0(0.0) |
aOther | 12(12.4) | 1(4.8) | 11(14.5) | 71(13.3) | 45(18.5) | 26(9.0) |
Test of proportions | p = 0.0001 | p = 0.3889 |
Factors related to use of a PHC for antenatal care
Characteristic | PHC facility | Other | Pearson Chi2/p-value |
---|---|---|---|
LGA | |||
Esan South East | 39(26.9) | 12(40.0) | (1) = 2.0668 |
Etsako East | 106(73.1) | 18(60.0) | p = 0.151 |
Age | |||
16–30 | 108(74.5) | 24(80.0) | (1) = 0.4083 |
31–47 | 37(25.5) | 6(20.0) | p = 0.523 |
Level of education | |||
No education/primary | 89(61.4) | 11(36.7) | (1) = 6.1988 |
Secondary/higher | 56(38.6) | 19(63.3) | p = 0.013 |
Exposure to media | |||
High exposure | 37(25.5) | 10(33.3) | |
Moderate exposure | 65(44.8) | 15(50.0) | (2) = 2.2397 |
No exposure | 43(29.7) | 5(16.7) | p = 0.326 |
Religion | |||
Catholic | 32(22.2) | 12(40.0) | |
Other Christian | 74(51.4) | 13(43.3) | (2) = 4.3749 |
Islam | 38(26.4) | 5(16.7) | p = 0.112 |
Employment | |||
Not working | 55(37.9) | 7(23.3) | (1) = 2.3154 |
Working | 90(62.1) | 23(76.7) | p = 0.128 |
Marital status | |||
Married | 86(59.7) | 26(86.7) | (1) = 7.8589 |
Living together | 58(40.3) | 4(13.3) | p = 0.005 |
Age at marriage | |||
14–17 | 24(16.5) | 2(6.7) | |
18–24 | 100(69.0) | 23(76.7) | |
25–29 | 17(11.7) | 4(13.3) | (3) = 1.9270 |
30–39 | 4(2.8) | 1(3.3) | p = 0.588 |
Partner’s age | |||
18–29 | 41(28.3) | 6(20.0) | |
30–34 | 29(20.0) | 6(20.0) | |
35–39 | 28(19.3) | 7(23.3) | |
40–44 | 25(17.2) | 8(26.7) | (4) = 2.4716 |
45–82 | 22(15.2) | 3(10.0) | p = 0.650 |
Partner’s level of education | |||
None/primary | 36(24.8) | 5(16.7) | (1) = 0.9228 |
Secondary/higher | 109(75.2) | 25(83.3) | p = 0.337 |
Payment for respondents health care | |||
Husband alone/others | 120(82.8) | 29(96.7) | (1) = 3.8010 |
Respondent alone/with husband | 25(17.2) | 1(3.3) | p = 0.051 |
Autonomy | |||
Less | 72(49.7) | 12(40.0) | |
More | 34(23.4) | 10(33.3) | (2) = 1.4493 |
Much | 39(26.9) | 8(26.7) | p = 0.484 |
Number of living children | |||
0–2 | 56(53.9) | ||
3–4 | 28(26.9) | 15(65.2) | |
5+ | 20(19.2) | 4(17.4) | (2) = 1.1485 |
4(17.4) | p = 0.563 | ||
Spousal education difference | |||
Same but not none | 60(41.4) | 15(50.0) | |
Wife more | 6(4.1) | 2(6.7) | |
Husband more | 61(42.1) | 11(36.6) | (3) = 1.6735 |
Both none/either none | 18(12.4) | 2(6.7) | p = 0.643 |
Predictors of use of PHC for delivery care
Variable | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
---|---|---|---|
All respondents | Esan South East | Etsako East | |
Age | 0.96(0.94–0.99)* | 0.97(0.93–1.01) | 0.97(0.93–1.01) |
Education | |||
Higher (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Secondary | 2.37(1.19–4.71)* | 1.69(0.67–4.26) | 2.74(0.90–8.32) |
Primary | 3.10(1.16–8.28)* | 2.17(0.53–8.88) | 3.32(0.75–14.6) |
No Education | 2.36(0.70–7.93) | 1.69(0.30–9.54) | 2.35(0.38–14.2) |
Exposure to media | |||
High (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Moderate | 1.14(0.87–1.50) | 1.14(0.79–1.65) | 1.11(0.73–1.71) |
None | 1.35(0.96–1.91) | 1.43(0.82–2.50) | 1.30(0.82–2.08) |
Religion | |||
Catholic (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Other Christian | 1.20(0.91–1.58) | 1.37(0.90–2.08) | 1.02(0.70–1.48) |
Islam | 1.56(1.00–2.42)* | 0.56(0.20–1.55) | 1.87(1.13–3.10)* |
Partner’s age | 0.99(0.97–1.01) | 0.97(0.94–1.00) | 1.00(0.97–1.02) |
Partner’s Education | |||
No Education (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Primary | 0.76(0.33–1.76) | 0.70(−.26–1.88) | 1.07(0.20–5.80) |
Secondary | 0.99(0.34–2.83) | 0.71(0.18–2.73) | 1.45(0.20–10.5) |
Higher | 1.05(0.28–3.95) | 0.49(0.08–3.04) | 2.11(0.21–20.8) |
Partner’s Employment | |||
Not working (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Working | 1.62(0.95–2.77) | 1.25(0.63–2.45) | 2.78(1.04–7.44)* |
Autonomy | |||
Less (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
More | 0.75(0.57–0.99)* | 0.78(0.52–1.15) | 0.76(0.51–1.15) |
Much | 1.11(0.83–1.47) | 0.83(0.56–1.23) | 1.51(0.98–2.33) |
Number of children | |||
0–2 (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
3–4 | 1.23(0.90–1.67) | 1.18(0.76–1.83) | 1.20(0.76–1.89) |
5+ | 1.61(1.11–2.33)* | 2.00(1.19–3.35)** | 1.19(0.68–2.07) |
Spousal Education Difference | |||
Both have none(Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Husband more | 1.12(0.35–3.59) | 0.96(0.19–4.75) | 1.08(0.13–8.65) |
Wife more | 1.84(0.68–5.00) | 0.94(0.23–3.84) | 2.23(0.41–11.9) |
Same but not none | 1.59(0.55–4.62) | 1.06(0.25–4.51) | 1.75(0.25–11.8) |
LGA | |||
Esan South East (Ref) | |||
Etsako East | 0.55(0.42–0.71)*** |